Passive House (German: Passivhaus ) is a strict voluntary standard for energy efficiency in buildings, which reduces ecological footprint. This produces an ultra-low energy building that requires less energy for heating or cooling. The same standard, MINERGIE-P , is used in Switzerland. Standards are not limited to residential property; some office buildings, schools, kindergartens and supermarkets have also been built to standards. Passive design is not an attachment or supplement for architectural design, but a design process that is integrated with architectural design. Although in principle applied to new buildings, it has also been used for renovation.
By the end of 2008, the estimated number of Passivhaus buildings worldwide ranges from 15,000 to 20,000 structures. As of August 2010, there are about 25,000 certified structures of all types in Europe, while in the United States there are only 13, with a few dozen more under construction. By 2017, that number shot to more than 1,200 units in the US, totaling more than one million square feet. Most passive structures are built in German-speaking and Scandinavian countries.
Video Passive house
History
The standard of Passivhaus comes from a conversation in May 1988 between Bo Adamson of Lund University, Sweden, and Wolfgang Feist of the Institute of Fohren und Umwelt (Institute of Housing and the Environment, Darmstadt, Germany). Later, their concept was further developed through a number of research projects, assisted by financial assistance from the German state of Hesse.
Many early 'Passive Homes' were based on research and experience of North American builders during the 1970s, which - in response to the oil embargo - sought to build homes that used little or no energy at all. This design often utilizes the sun as a source of heat and the term 'passive house' may come from passive solar features of these houses, such as Saskatchewan Conservation House and Leger House in Pepperell, Massachusetts.
First example
The final construction of four flats (terraced houses or town houses) is designed for four private clients by architectural firm Bott, Ridder and Westermeyer. The first Passivhaus residence was built in Darmstadt in 1990, and was occupied by clients the following year.
Implementation and more board
In September 1996, the Passivhaus-Institut was founded in Darmstadt to promote and control the Passivhaus standards. Since then, thousands of Passivhaus structures have been built, up to about 25,000 in 2010. Most are located in Germany and Austria, with others in various countries around the world.
In 1996, after the concept was validated at the Institute in Darmstadt, with heating of the room 90% smaller than required for the new standard building at the time, the Working Group of Passive Economical Homes was created. This group develops a planning package and initiates the production of innovative components that have been used, especially windows and high efficiency ventilation systems. Meanwhile, further passive houses were built in Stuttgart (1993), Naumburg, Hesse, Wiesbaden, and Cologne (1997).
The product, developed for the Passivhaus standard is more commercialized during and after the EU-sponsored CEPHEUS project, which proves the concept in five European countries in the winter of 2000-2001. In North America the first Passivhaus was built in Urbana, Illinois in 2003, and the first certified was built in 2006 near Bemidji, Minnesota at Camp Waldsee of the Concordia Language Village of Germany. The first US passive retrofit project, O'Neill's homemade craftsman's home in Sonoma, California was certified in July 2010.
The first Passive House in Ireland was built in 2005 by Tomas O'Leary, a Passive House designer and teacher. The house is called 'Out of the Blue'. When finished, Tomas moved into the building.
The world's first passive prefabricated prefabricated house was built in Ireland in 2005 by Scandinavian Homes, a Swedish company that has since built a more passive home in Britain and Poland.
The first certified passive house in the Antwerp Antwerp region was built in 2010. In 2011 the city of Heidelberg in Germany started the Bahnstadt project, which is seen as the world's largest passive building area. A company in Qatar is planning the first Passive House in the country by 2013, the first in the region.
Maps Passive house
Standard
While some techniques and technologies are specifically developed for Passive House standards, others, such as superinsulation, already exist, and passive solar building design concepts date back to antiquity. There were other previous experiences with low-energy building standards, particularly the German standard Niedrigenergiehaus (low-energy homes), as well as from buildings built for Swedish and Danish energy code demands.
Standard
Standard Passivhaus requires that the building meets the following requirements:
- Buildings should be designed to have annual heating and cooling requests calculated with the Passivhaus Planning Package of not more than 15 kWh/m 2 (4,755 BTU/sqÃ, ft; 5.017 MJ/sqÃ, ft) per year in heating or cooling energy OR designed with a peak heat load of 10 W/m 2 (1.2, hp/1000Ã, sqÃ, ft).
- Total primary energy (energy source for electricity, etc.) consumption (main energy for heating, hot water and electricity) should not exceed 60 kWh/m 2 (19,020 BTU/sqÃ, ft ; 20.07 MJ/sqÃ, ft) per year.
- Buildings should not expend more air than 0.6 times the volume of homes per hour (n 50 <= 0.6/h) at 50Ã, Pa (0.0073Ã, psi) as tested by the blower door, or or when viewing the surface area of ​​the enclosure, the leakage rate should be less than 0.05 cubic feet per minute.
Recommendations
- Furthermore, specific heat loads for heating sources at design temperatures are recommended, but not required, less than 10 W/mÃ,² (3.17 btu/hÃ,  · ftÃ,²).
These standards are much higher than houses built for most normal building codes. For comparison, see the international comparison section below.
The national partners in the 'Consortium for European Passive Home Promotion' are considered to have the flexibility to adapt these limits locally.
Room heating needs
By reaching the Passivhaus standard, quality buildings are able to dispose of conventional heating systems. Although this is the underlying destination of Passivhaus standards, some types of heaters will still be needed and most of the Passivhaus buildings do include systems to provide additional space heating. These are usually distributed through the low volume heat recovery ventilation system required to maintain air quality, not by conventional or high volume forced air-heating systems, as described in the heating section below.
Construction cost
In Passivhaus buildings, cost savings from expenditure with conventional heating systems can be used to fund the increase of building envelopes and heat recovery ventilation systems. With careful design and increased competition in the provision of specially designed Passivhaus building products, in Germany it is now possible to construct buildings at the same cost as those built for normal German building standards, as is done with Passivhaus apartments in Vauban, Freiburg. The average passive house is reportedly more expensive in advance than conventional buildings - 5% to 8% in Germany, 8% to 10% in the UK and 5% to 10% in the United States.
Evaluations have indicated that while technically feasible, the cost to meet the Passivhaus standards is significantly improved when building in Northern Europe above 60 ° latitude. European cities of about 60 Â ° including Helsinki in Finland and Bergen in Norway. London is at 51 °; Moscow is at 55 °.
Design and construction
Achieving a major reduction in heating energy consumption required by standards involves a shift in approaches to the design and construction of buildings. The design can be helped by using 'Passivhaus Planning Package' (PHPP), which uses specially designed computer simulations.
To achieve the standard, a number of techniques and technologies are used in combination:
Passive solar design and landscape
Passive solar building design and energy-saving landscaping support Passive home energy conservation and can integrate it into the environment and environment. Following passive solar building techniques, where possible compact buildings to reduce their surface area, with the main window oriented to the equator - south in the northern and northern hemisphere in the southern hemisphere - to maximize the acquisition of the passive sun. However, the use of solar gain, especially in temperate climates, is secondary to minimizing overall home energy requirements. In climates and regions that need to reduce excessive heat from the sun's heat, either from direct or reflected sources, Brise soleil , trees, attached to pergolas with vines, vertical gardens, green roof. , and other techniques implemented.
Passive houses can be built from solid or light materials, but some internal thermal mass is typically incorporated to reduce summer peak temperatures, maintain stable winter temperatures, and prevent the possibility of overheating in spring or autumn before the sun is higher "middle wall" angle of exposure and window penetration. The color of the exterior walls, when the surface allows choice, for the quality of the reflection or absorption insulation depends on the large outdoor temperature throughout the year. The use of deciduous trees and spice walls or attaching vines can help the climate not at extreme temperatures.
Superinsulation
The Passivhaus building uses superinsulation to significantly reduce heat transfer through walls, roofs and floors compared to conventional buildings. A variety of thermal insulation materials can be used to provide the required high-R values ​​(low U-values, typically in the range of 0.10 to 0.15 W/(mÃ,²Ã,  ° K)). Special attention is given to eliminating thermal bridges.
The disadvantage resulting from the wall insulation thickness required is that, unless the external dimensions of the building can be enlarged to compensate, the building's internal floor area may be less compared to traditional construction.
In Sweden, to achieve passive house standards, the thickness of the insulation will be 335 mm (about 13 in) (0.10 W/(mÃ,²Ã,K)) and the roof is 500 mm (about 20 in) (U-value 0.066 W/(mÃ,²  · K)).
Advanced window technology
To meet the requirements of the Passivhaus standard, windows are made with very high R values ​​(low U values, typically 0.85 to 0.70 W/(mÃ,²  ° K) for all windows including frames). It typically incorporates three-pane insulated glass (with good thermal coefficient of acquisition, low emissivity coating, enclosed inverted intercellar cavity or enclosed krypton gas, and a warm edge insulating glass spacer) with air seals and specially developed thermal break window frames.
In Central Europe and most of the United States, for the unobstructed south-facing Passivhaus window, the heat gain from the sun, on average, is greater than heat loss, even in the middle of winter.
Airtightness
Building envelopes below the standard Passivhaus should be very airtight compared to conventional construction. They are required to meet either 0.60 ACH50 (hourly air change at 50 pascals) based on building volume, or 0.05 CFM50/sf (cubic feet per minute at 50 pascal, per square foot of building enclosure area). To achieve this metric, the best practice suggested is to test the building air barrier enclosure with the door blower in mid-construction if possible.
Passive houses are designed so that most exterior air exchanges are conducted by controlled ventilation through heat exchangers to minimize heat loss (or gain, depending on climate), so that uncontrolled air leaks should be avoided. Another reason is that passive house standards make extensive use of isolation which usually requires careful management of dew and moisture points. This is achieved through air barriers, the careful sealing of any construction joints inside the building envelope, and sealing of all service penetrations.
Ventilation
The passive use of natural ventilation is an integral component of passive house design in which the temperature of the environment is conducive - either with single or cross ventilation, with simple opening or enhanced by the stack effect of smaller entry with larger exit window and/or clerestory-operable skylight.
When the ambient climate is not conducive, the mechanical heat recovery ventilation system, with a heat recovery rate of over 80% and the high efficiency of electronic motorized mutation (ECM), is used to maintain air quality, and to recover sufficient heat to dispose with conventional. central heating system. Because passively designed buildings are essentially airtight, the rate of air change can be optimized and carefully controlled for about 0.4 air changes per hour. All ventilation ducts are isolated and sealed against leaks.
Some Passivhaus builders promote the use of earth warming tubes (typically 200 mm (~ 7.9 in) diameter, 40 m (~ 130 ft) long at a depth of 1.5 m (~ 5 ft)). It is buried in the ground to act as an earth-to-air heat exchanger and pre-heat (or pre-cold) air intake for ventilation systems. In cold weather the warm air also prevents ice formation in heat exchangers of heat recovery systems. Concerns about this technique have appeared in some climates due to problems with condensation and fungi.
Alternatively, the geothermal exchanger to the air can use a liquid circuit instead of an air circuit, with a heat exchanger (battery) on the supply air.
Warm-up space
In addition to passive solar power, the Passivhaus building utilizes its intrinsic heat from internal sources - such as exhaust heat from lighting, white goods (main equipment) and other electrical devices (but not specific heaters) - as well as body heat from other people and animals inside building. This is due to the fact that people, on average, emit heat equivalent to 100 watts each of the radiated heat energy.
Together with comprehensive energy conservation measures taken, this means that conventional central heating systems are not required, although sometimes installed due to client skepticism.
In contrast, Passive homes sometimes have dual purpose 800-1.500 watts of heating and/or cooling elements integrated with the ventilation air supply ventilation system, for use during the coldest days. It is important to design that all required heat can be transported by the normal low air volume required for ventilation. Maximum air temperature 50 Â ° C (122 Â ° F) is applied, to prevent the possibility of a blistering odor of dust that passes the filter in the system.
The air heating element can be heated by a small heat pump, with direct solar thermal energy, annual geothermal sun heat, or only with natural gas or an oil stove. In some cases the micro-heat pump is used to extract the additional heat from the exhaust vent air, using it to heat either the incoming air or the hot water storage tank. Small wood burning stoves can also be used to heat the water tank, although care is required to ensure that the room where the stove is not too hot.
In addition to heat recovery by heat recovery ventilation units, Passively designed homes in European climates require no additional heat source if the heating load is kept below 10 W/mÃ,².
Since the heating capacity and heating energy required by the passive housing are very low, certain selected energy sources have fewer financial implications than in traditional buildings, although renewable energy sources are well suited for such low loads.
Passive home standards in Europe determine room heating and cooling energy demand from 15 kWh/yr/mÃ,² treated floor area and 10 W/mÃ,² peak demand. (Or, in imperial units, 4.75 kBTU/sf/yr and 3.2 BTU/sf/hr respectively.) In addition, the total energy to be used in building operations includes heating, cooling, lighting, appliances, water heat, plug load, etc. limited to 120 kWh/year/mÃ,² treated floor area. (Or, in the imperial unit, 38.0 BTU/sf/yr.)
Lighting and electrical appliances
To minimize total primary energy consumption, many passive and active lighting techniques are the first daytime solutions used. For low-light days, non-bright spaces, and evenings, the use of sustainable creative lighting designs using low-energy sources can be used. Low energy sources include compact 'standard voltage' compact fluorescent lamps, solid-state lighting with LED lights, organic light-emitting diodes, PLEDs - light emitting diode polymers, 'low voltage' electric filaments-incandescent bulbs, halides Compact metal, Xenon, and Halogen lamps.
Solar-powered exterior circuits, security, and landscape lighting - with photovoltaic cells on every fixture or connecting to a central solar panel system, available for parks and outdoor needs. Low voltage systems can be used for more controlled or independent lighting, while still using less electricity than conventional fixtures and lamps. Self-timer, motion detection and natural light operating sensors reduce energy consumption, and further light pollution for Passivhaus arrangements.
Consumer product appliances that meet independent energy efficiency testing and receive Ecolabel certification marks to reduce gas-experienced gas consumption and product carbon emissions of manufactured products are preferred for use in Passive homes. Ecolabel certification marks from Energy Star and EKOenergy are examples.
Passive house properties
Typically, passive house features:
- Fresh and clean air: Note that for the parameters tested, and if the filter (minimum F6) is maintained, HEPA-quality air is provided. 0.3 air changes per hour (ACH) is recommended, otherwise air can be "stale" (excess CO 2 , flushing indoor air pollutants) and larger, too dry (less than 40% moisture ). This implies a careful selection of finishing touches and interior furnishings, to minimize indoor air pollution from VOCs (eg, formaldehyde). This can be overcome by opening the window for a very short time, by the plants, and by the fountain indoors.
- Due to the high resistance to heat flow (insulation of high-R value), no "wall outside" is colder than other walls.
- Homogeneous interior temperature: it is impossible to have one room (eg bedroom) at different temperatures than the rest of the house. Note that the relatively high temperature of the sleeping area is physiologically not considered desirable by some building scientists. The bedroom window can be opened slightly to lighten this if necessary.
- Slow temperature changes: with ventilation and heating systems turned off, passive houses typically lose less than 0.5 Ã, Â ° C (1Ã, Â ° F) per day (in winter), stable at around 15Ã, Â ° C (59Ã, Â ° C). Â ° F) in the Central European climate.
- Quickly return to normal temperature: opening a window or door for a short time only has limited effect; after the aperture is closed, the air very quickly returns to "normal" temperature.
- Some people have voiced concerns that Passivhaus is not a common approach because residents must behave in a prescribed manner, for example not opening windows too often. However the modeling indicates that the concern is invalid.
International comparison
- In the United States, a house built with a Passive House standard produces buildings that require heating energy of 1 BTU per square foot (11 kJ/mÃ,²) per day degree of heating, compared to about 5 to 15 BTU per square foot (56-170 kJ/mÃ,²) per day degree of heating for similar buildings built to meet the Energy Efficiency Code Model 2003. It is between 75 and 95% less energy for heating and cooling space compared to new buildings when which meets the current US energy efficiency code. Passivhaus at the German-speaking camp at Waldsee, Minnesota is designed under the guidance of architect Stephan Tanner of INTEP, LLC, a consulting firm based in Minneapolis and Munich for high performance and sustainable development. The Waldsee BioHaus is modeled on the German Passivhaus standard: surpassing US LEED standards that improve the quality of life within buildings while using 85% less energy than homes built for Minnesota building codes. VOLKsHouse 1.0 is the first Passive Certified House to offer and sell in Santa Fe New Mexico.
- In the UK, the average new house built with Passive House standards will use 77% less energy for heating the room, compared to Building Regulations around 2006.
- In Ireland, it is calculated that typical homes built with Passive House standards rather than Building Regulations in 2002 will consume 85% less energy for heating and reduce carbon emissions associated with heating spaces by 94%.
Comparison with zero energy building
Zero-energy building (ZEB) is a building that for a year does not use more energy than it produces. Building Design Energy Zero 1979 first uses passive solar heating and cooling techniques with airtight construction and super insulation. Some ZEBs fail to fully utilize more affordable conservation technologies and all use active on-site renewable energy technologies such as photovoltaics to offset major building energy consumption. Passive House and ZEB are complementary technological synergistic approaches, based on the same physics of transfer and thermal energy storage: ZEBs encourages annual energy consumption to 0 kWh/mÃ,² with the help of locally renewable energy sources and can utilize the materials and methods used for meet the 120 kWh/mÃ,² Passive House demand constraints that will minimize the need for frequent and often expensive renewable energy sources on site. House Plus Energy is similar to PassivHaus and ZEB but emphasizes more energy production per year than they consume, for example, the annual energy performance -25 kWh/mÃ,² is an Energy Plus home.
Tropical climatic needs
In tropical climates, this can be helpful for ideal internal conditions for using Energy Recovery Ventilation rather than Heat Recovery Ventilation to reduce the humidity ventilation load on mechanical dehumidification systems. Although the dehumidifiers may be used, the hot-water heating pump will also act to cool and condense the interior humidity (where it can be discharged to the drain) and throw the heat into the hot water tank. Passive cooling, solar air conditioning, and other solutions in passive solar building design need to be studied to fit the concept of Passive home for use in more areas of the world.
There is a Passive Certified House in hot and humid climates in Lafayette, Louisiana, USA, which uses Energy Recovery Ventilation and a ton of efficient air conditioning to provide cooling and dehumidification.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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