Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 - January 13, 1929) is a gambler of Old Old West, a sheriff's deputy in Pima County, and a marshal deputy town in Tombstone, Arizona Region, who took part in a shoot- in OK Corral, where lawmen killed three Cochise County Cowboys villains. He is often mistakenly seen as a central figure in shootouts at Tombstone, although his brother Virgil is the marshal of Tombstone town and the US deputy Marshal that day, and has more experience as a sheriff, police officer, marshal, and soldier in combat.
Earp leads an anxious life. He was at a different time a policeman, city police, county sheriff, US deputy marshal, timster, buffalo hunter, bouncer, guards, gamblers, brothel guards, miners, and boxing referees. Earp spent his childhood in Pella, Iowa. In 1870, he married his first wife, Urilla Sutherland Earp, who contracted a typhoid fever and died shortly before their first child was born; they lived in Lamar, Missouri at the time. Urilla is buried in Milford, MO, near Lamar. For the next two years, Earp was arrested for stealing a horse, escaping from prison, being sued twice, and arrested and fined three times in 1872 for "storing and being found in a very famous house". The third arrest was the subject of a long note in the Daily Transcript, calling him an "outlaw", and dubbed him "Peoria Bummer", another name for loafer or bum.
In 1874, he arrived in the great city of Wichita, Kansas, where his brother opened a brothel. On April 21, 1875, Earp was designated a Wichita police officer and developed a strong reputation as a lawyer. On April 2, 1876, his boss, City Marshal Michael Meagher, was running for an opponent saying a few things about his brothers who were offended by Earp. She confronts and hits him in a fight. Earp was fined $ 30 and dismissed from Wichita's powers. Earp soon left Wichita, following his brother James to Dodge City, Kansas, where he became an assistant city marshal. In the winter of 1878, he went to Texas to track down the criminals and meet John "Doc" Holliday, whom Earp later credited with saving his life.
Earp moves continuously throughout his life from one boomtown to another. He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved with his brothers James and Virgil, to Tombstone - where the silver blast was underway. There, the Earps clashed with a loose federation of criminals known as Cowboys. Wyatt, Virgil, and their sister, Morgan, hold various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury, as well as Ike and Billy Clanton, who threatened several times to kill the Earps. The conflict escalated in the following year, culminating on October 26, 1881, in a firefight at O.K. Corral, where the Earps and Holliday kill three Cowboys. In the next five months, Virgil is ambushed and disabled, and Morgan is killed. Pursuing a grudge, Wyatt, his brother Warren Earp, Holliday, and others formed a federal fence that killed three Cowboys they considered responsible. Wyatt had never been hurt in a shootout where he had participated, unlike his brothers Virgil and Morgan, or his friend Doc Holliday, who only added mystique after his death.
Earp is a lifelong gambler and is always looking for quick ways to make money. After leaving Tombstone, Earp went to San Francisco, where he reunited with Josephine Earp. He became his wife-in-law. They join the gold rush to Eagle City, Idaho, where they have quarries and a saloon. They went there to race horses and open a salon during a real estate boom in San Diego, California. Back in San Francisco, Wyatt was back on horseback, but his reputation suffered again as he reviewed the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey boxing match and called for an offense that led many to believe he was fixing the fight. They moved briefly to Yuma, Arizona, before joining the Nome Gold Rush in 1899. In partnership with Charlie Hoxie, they opened a two-story sedan called Dexter and made about $ 80,000 (about $ 2 million in 2017 dollars). Back to the lower 48, they open another saloon in Tonopah, Nevada, where to find new gold. Around 1911, Earp began working on some mining claims in Vidal, California, retiring on a hot summer with Josephine to Los Angeles. Earp befriends Western actors in Hollywood, and tries to tell his story. She was portrayed in the movie only once before she died, and very briefly, in the 1923 movie Wild Bill Hickok.
Earp died on January 13, 1929. He is known as a Western lawyer, shooter, and boxing referee. He has a well-known reputation for his two hands handling the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey fight and his role in England. Gas contest. This only began to change after his death when the very flattering biography of Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal was published in 1931. The book became a bestseller and created his reputation as a fearless lawyer. Since then, Earp has been the subject, and model for, many films, television shows, biographies, and works of fiction that have enhanced his fame. Long after his death, he has many critics and devoted worshipers. Earp's modern reputation is that of "one of the heaviest and most deadly shooters in the Old West of his day". Early life
Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was born on March 19, 1848, the fourth child of Nicholas Porter Earp and his second wife, Virginia Ann Cooksey. He was named after his father's commander in the Mexican-American War, Captain Wyatt Berry Stapp, of the 2nd Illinois Mount Illinois Company. Some evidence supports the birthplace of Wyatt Earp as 406 South 3rd Street in Monmouth, Illinois, although the street address was disputed by Monmouth College professor and historian William Urban. Wyatt has seven siblings: James, Virgil, Martha, Morgan, Baxter Warren, Virginia, and Adelia; as well as an older stepbrother from his father's first marriage, Newton.
In March 1849 or early 1850, Nicholas Earp joined with about 100 others in a plan to move to San Bernardino County, California, where he intended to buy farmland. Just 150 miles (240 km) west of Monmouth en route, their daughter Martha got sick. The family stopped and Nicholas bought a new 65-hectare (65 ha) 7-mile (11 km) northeast of Pella, Iowa. Martha died there on May 26, 1856.
The last child Nicholas and Virginia Earp, Adelia, was born in June 1861 in Pella. Newton, James and Virgil joined the Union Army on November 11, 1861. Their father was busy recruiting and drilling local companies, so Wyatt and his two younger brothers, Morgan and Warren, were left liable to care for 80 hectares (32 ha) of maize. Wyatt was just 13, too young to register, but he tried several times to escape and join the army. Each time, his father found him and took him home. James was seriously injured in Fredericktown, Missouri, and returned home in the summer of 1863. Newton and Virgil fought in some parts of the east and then followed the family to California.
California
On May 12, 1864, Nicholas Earp organized the train wagon and headed to San Bernardino, California, arriving on December 17, 1864. In late summer 1865, Virgil found a job as a driver for Phineas Banning stage tracks in California's Imperial Valley, and aged Wyatt 16 years help. In the spring of 1866, Wyatt became a heavy worker, hauling cargo for Chris Taylor. From 1866 to 1868, he drove a cargo over 720 miles (1,160 km) of wagons from Wilmington, through San Bernardino and Las Vegas, Nevada, to Salt Lake City, Utah County.
In the spring of 1868, Earp was hired to transport the necessary supplies to build the Union Pacific Railroad. He studied gambling and boxing while working at the train head in Wyoming County. Earp developed a reputation for leading boxing matches and became the referee in front of 3,000 spectators between John Shanssey and Mike Donovan on July 4, 1869, in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
Lawman and marriage
In the spring of 1868, the Earps moved east again to Lamar, Missouri, where Wyatt's father, Nicholas became the local police. Wyatt reunited with the family next year. Nicholas resigned as a police officer on November 17, 1869, to be a justice of peace, and Wyatt was appointed as a policeman in his place.
At the end of 1869, Earp ordered the 20-year-old Urilla Sutherland ( c. 1849 -1870), William's daughter and Permelia Sutherland, who operated the Hotel Exchange in Lamar. They were married by his father, Nicholas at Lamar on January 10, 1870, and in August 1870, Wyatt bought a lot in the suburbs for $ 50, where he built a house. Urilla is pregnant and will give birth to their first child when she suddenly dies of typhoid fever. In November, Earp sells a lot and houses on it for $ 75. Hoping to keep his designated office, he ran against his oldest half brother Newton to the police station. The Earps may wish to keep the work in the family in one way or another. Wyatt won with 137 votes for Newton 108, but their father Nicholas lost the election for peace justice in a very close four-way race.
Legal charges and charges
After Urilla's death, Wyatt suffered a decline and experienced a series of legal issues. On March 14, 1871, Barton County filed suit against Earp and his sureties. Earp was in charge of collecting license fees for Lamar, who financed local schools, and he was accused of failing to hand over fees. On March 31, James Cromwell filed a lawsuit against Earp, alleging that Earp had falsified court documents about the amount of money collected from Cromwell to meet his judgment. To correct the difference between Earp and Cromwell (claimed to be paid), the court confiscated the Cromwell cutting machine and sold it for $ 38. Clothes Cromwell claims that Earp owed him $ 75, the estimated value of the machine.
On March 28, 1871, Earp, Edward Kennedy, and John Shown were accused of stealing two horses, "each worth a hundred dollars", from William Keys while in the Indian state. On April 6, US Vice Marshal J.Ã, G. Owens arrested Earp for theft of horses. Commissioner James Churchill was charged Earp on April 14, and set a $ 500 security deposit. On May 15, the indictment was issued against Earp, Kennedy, and Shown. Anna Shown, wife of John Shown, claims that Earp and Kennedy made her husband drunk and then threatened her life to persuade her to help. On June 5, Edward Kennedy was released while the case against Earp and John Shown remained. Earp is not awaiting trial. He got out of the prison roof and headed for Peoria, Illinois.
Arrest in Peoria
Years later, Wyatt biographer Stuart N. Lake writes that Wyatt hunted buffalo during the winter of 1871-1872, but Earp was arrested three times during 1872 in the area around Peoria, Illinois for activities related to brothels. The local police in Peoria, Illinois, might think of Earp as a pimp.
Earp was listed in the Peoria city directory in 1872 as a resident of Jane Haspel's home. In February 1872, Peoria police raided his home and arrested four women and three men: Wyatt and Morgan Earp, and George Randall. The men were charged with "Keeping and being found in a house that fame bad." They are then fined $ 20 plus fees for criminal offenses. Earp was arrested for the same crime on May 11, and in September Peoria Daily National Democrat reported that Earp had been arrested once again on September 10, 1872. This time he was on a floating brothel he owned. named Beardstown Gunboat . Arrested with him is a woman named Sally Heckell, who calls herself the wife of Wyatt Earp.
Some women are said to be handsome, but all look very depraved. John Walton, the ship's captain and Wyatt Earp, Peoria Bummer, were each fined $ 43.15. Sarah Earp, aka Sally Heckell, calls herself the wife of Wyatt Earp.
By calling Earp "Peoria Bummer", the newspaper put him in a class of "lazy shoes that force hard-working citizens," a "beggar," and worse than a bum. They are people of poor character who are chronically offenders.
Wichita, Kansas
Wyatt and Sally moved to a cattle town that grew up in Wichita in early 1874. Local arrest records show that Sally Earp operated a brothel with Nellie "Bessie" Ketchum, the wife of his brother James, from early 1874 to mid-1876. Wyatt may have been a pimp, but historian Robert Gary L. Roberts believes he is more likely an enforcer, or a bouncer for a brothel. He probably hunted buffalo for 1873-74 before he went to Wichita. When the Kansas state census was completed in June 1875, Sally no longer lived with Wyatt, James, and Bessie.
Wichita is the train terminal and destination for cattle drives from Texas. Like other border train terminals, when the cowboys who accompanied the cattle rode arrived, the city was filled with drunken and armed cowboys celebrating the end of their long journey. Lawmen kept busy. When the livestock stopped and the cowboy left, Earp looked for something else to do. The Wichita City Eagle reported on October 29, 1874 that he had helped a police officer who was not in charge of finding a thief who had stolen a human train. Earp officially joined the Wichita marshal office on April 21, 1875, after Mike Meagher's election as city marshal (or police chief), earning $ 100 per month. He also deals with Faro in the Long Branch Saloon. In late 1875, the newspaper Wichita Beacon published this story:
On Wednesday (December 8), Earp police found a stranger lying near the bridge in a drunken state. She takes him to the 'cold' and seeks him to be found at about $ 500 in his person. He was taken the next morning, before his honor, the police judge, paying the fine for his fun like a little man and continuing his journey with joy. She may congratulate herself for her sentence, when she is drunk, thrown in a fun place like Wichita, but there are other places where the $ 500 bill will be heard. The integrity of our police force was never seriously questioned.
Earp was embarrassed on January 9, 1876, while he was sitting with friends in the back room of the Custom House Saloon when his single-action gun containing a fall from his holster. It runs out when the hammer strikes the floor. "The ball passes over his coat, crashing into the north wall then glancing over and fainting through the ceiling." Wyatt was very red-faced because of the incident years later, he persuaded the biographer Stuart Lake to remove it from his book Wyatt Earp, Frontier Marshal.
Wyatt's job as Wichita's deputy suddenly ended on April 2, 1876, when Earp was very interested in the marshal city's election. According to news reports, former marshal Bill Smith accused Wyatt of using his office to help hire his brothers as a lawyer. Wyatt got into a fight with Smith and beat him. Meagher was forced to fire Earp and arrest him for disturbing the calm, which ended the journey called the paper "unacceptable". Meagher wins the election, but the city council is equally divided on reinstating Earp. His brother James opened a brothel in Dodge City, and Wyatt left Wichita to join him.
Dodge City and Deadwood
After 1875, Dodge City became the main terminal for cattle drives from Texas along the Chisholm Line. Earp was appointed assistant marshal at Dodge City under Marshall Lawrence "Larry" Deger around May 1876. Earp spent the winter of 1876-1877 at the boomtown gold rush in Deadwood, Dakota Region. He and his brother Morgan left Dodge for Deadwood on September 9, 1876, with a team of horses. Finding that all the land had been tied up in the mining claim, Morgan decided to return to Dodge. Instead of gambling, Wyatt made a deal to buy all the wood. A local individual cut and tethered his horses that winter, transporting firewood to the camp. He makes a profit of about $ 5,000, but can not file any mining claims, he returns in the spring to Dodge City.
Wyatt reunited with Dodge City police in the spring of 1877 at the request of Mayor James H. "Dog" Kelley. The Dodge City newspaper reported in July 1878 that Earp had been fined $ 1 for slapping a muscular prostitute named Frankie Bell, who (according to the letters) "stretched out the endless nickname of Mr. Earp in such a way as to give a slap from a former officer". Bell spent the night in jail and was fined $ 20, while Earp's fine was the official minimum.
In October 1877, villain Dave Rudabaugh robbed a Sante Fe Railroad construction camp and fled south. Earp was awarded a temporary commission as US deputy marshal and he left Dodge City, following Rudabaugh for more than 400 miles (640 km) through Fort Clark, Texas, where the newspaper reported on January 22, 1878, and proceeded to Fort Griffin, Texas..
He arrived at the border town of Clear River Brazos Fork. Earp went to Bee Hive Saloon, the largest in town and owned by John Shanssey, whom Earp knew since he was 21 years old. Shanssey told Earp that Rudabaugh had passed the city earlier in the week, but he did not know where he was headed. Shanssey suggested that Earp ask the gambler "Doc" Holliday, who played cards with Rudabaugh. Holliday tells Earp that Rudabaugh has returned to Kansas.
On May 11, 1878, the Dodge newspaper reported that Wyatt had returned to Dodge City and on May 14 Times noted that Wyatt had been appointed as a marshal assistant for a salary of $ 75 per month, serving under Charlie Bassett.. Doc Holliday with his wife Big Nose Kate also appeared in Dodge City during the summer of 1878. During the summer, Ed Morrison and two dozen other cowboys climbed Dodge and dashed into town, running to Front Street. They enter the Long Branch Saloon, ruin the room, and harass the customer. Hearing the commotion, Wyatt pushed his way through the front door into a bunch of guns pointing at him. In other versions, only three to five cowboys are there. In both stories, Holliday plays a card in the back and puts his gun on Morrison's head, forcing him and his men to disarm. Earp praised Holliday by saving his life that day, and Earp and he became friends.
While in Dodge City, Earp gets acquainted with James and Bat Masterson, Luke Short, and Celia Anne's whore "Mattie" Blaylock. Blaylock became the common law wife of Earp until 1881.
George Hoyt Shooting
At about 3:00 am on July 26, 1878, George Hoyt (written in several accounts as "Hoy") and other drunken cowboys fired their rifles wildly, including three shots into Comics Theater Dodge City, causing comedian Eddie Foy to throw himself to the stage floor in the middle of his acting. Fortunately, no one was hurt. Assistant Marshal Earp and police Bat Masterson responded and "along with some residents, turned their guns towards the escaping horsemen". When the riders cross the Arkansas River bridge south of the city, George Hoyt falls off his horse after he is injured in the arm or leg. Earp told Stuart Lake that he saw Hoyt through the sight of his rifle against the morning horizon and fired a fatal shot, killing him that day, but Dodge City Times reported that Hoyt developed gangrene and died on August 21 after his legs were amputated.
Video Wyatt Earp
Move to Tombstone, Arizona
The town of Dodge had been the center of the border town for several years, but in 1879 the town began to calm down. Wyatt received a letter from his brother Virgil that year, who was a city police officer in Prescott, Arizona Region. Virgil writes Wyatt about the opportunities in the mining town of silver mining coal. Later, Wyatt wrote, "In 1879, Dodge began to lose most of the shots that have charmed the people with reckless blood, and I decided to move to Tombstone, who just built a reputation."
Earp resigned from Dodge City police on September 9, 1879. Together with his mother-in-law Mattie Blaylock, his brother Jim, and Jim Bessie's wife, Earp traveled in Las Vegas in the New Mexico Region where they reunited with Doc Holliday and his friend. wife-in-law, Big Nose Kate. At the end of November, the six of them then went to Prescott, Arizona Region. On November 27, 1879, three days before they went to Tombstone, Virgil's reputation was that he was appointed deputy marshal of the US for Tombstone mining district by US Marshal for Crawley Dake of the Arizona Region. Virgil will operate outside Tombstone, about 280 miles (450 km) from Prescott. Its territory covers all areas of the southeastern Arizona Region. Wyatt, Virgil, and James Earp with their wives arrived at Tombstone on December 1, 1879, even though Doc remained in Prescott, where gambling provides a better opportunity.
When the town of Tombstone was founded, on March 5, 1879, there were about 100 people living in tents and some huts. By the time the Earps arrives nine months later on December 1, it has grown to about 1,000 residents. Wyatt carries a horse and a horse-drawn carriage, which he plans to convert into a postcard, but on arrival, he finds two running platforms.
By contrast, on December 6, 1879, three Earps and Robert J. Winders filed location notices for the First North Extension of the Mountain Maid Mine. They also bought flowers at the Vizina mine and some water rights.
Jim works as a barkeep. When none of their business interests paid off, Wyatt was employed in April or May 1880 by Wells, Fargo & amp; Agent Co Frederick James Dodge as a rifle envoy at stagecoaches when they hauled Wells Fargo strongboxes. In the summer of 1880, Morgan's younger brother arrived from Montana, and Warren Earp moved to Tombstone as well. In September, Wyatt's friend Doc Holliday arrived from Prescott for $ 40,000 (about $ 1,014,345 today) in a gambling victory in his pocket.
First confrontation with Cowboy villain
On July 25, 1880, US Army Captain Joseph H. Hurst asked Vice Marshal Virgil Earp AS to help him track down Cowboys villains, who had stolen six US Army mules from Camp Rucker. Virgil sought the help of his brothers, Wyatt and Morgan, along with Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams, and they found a mule on the McLaurys farm. McLaury was a Cowboy, a term that at the time and the area was generally used to refer to loose bandit associations, some of them also landowners and ranchers. Legitimate cowmen are referred to as shepherds of cattle or breeders. They found the branding iron used to turn the "US" brand into "D.8." Stealing an ass is a federal offense, because it belongs to the US government.
Cowboy Frank Patterson "made such a compromise" with Captain Hurst, who persuaded the posse to back off, with the understanding that the mule would be returned. Cowboys appeared two days later without a donkey and laughed at Hurst and Earps. In response, Capt. Hurst printed a flyer depicting the theft, and specifically accused Frank McLaury of helping to hide the donkey. He also reproduced the leaflet on The Tombstone Epitaph on July 30, 1880. Frank McLaury angrily printed a response in Cowboy-friendly Nuggett, calling Hurst "unmanly," "a coward , homeless, bastard, and evil liar ", and accused Hurst of stealing the mule itself. Captain Hurst then warned Wyatt, Virgil, and Morgan that the Cowboys had threatened their lives. Virgil reports that Frank approached him and warned him, "If you ever follow us as close as you, then you have to fight." A month later, Earp meets Frank and Tom McLaury in Charleston, and they tell him whether he has followed them as he did before, they will kill him.
Become a deputy sheriff
On July 28, 1880, Wyatt was appointed deputy sheriff in eastern Pima County, including Tombstone, by County Democratic Sheriff Shibell. Wyatt continued Wells Fargo's work as a rifle envoy to his brother Morgan. Wyatt does a good job, and from August to November, his name is mentioned almost weekly by The Tombstone Epitaph or the Nugget newspaper.
The position of the deputy sheriff is worth more than US $ 40,000 per year (about $ 1,014,345 today) because he is also a local appraiser and tax collector, and the supervisory board allows him to keep 10% of the amount paid. While Wyatt was deputy sheriff, former Democratic legislator Johnny Behan arrived in September 1880.
City marshal shots
On October 28, 1880, renowned Tombstone warlord Fred White attempted to break up a group of five late-night, drunken drunkards who shot the moon at Allen Street in Tombstone. Wyatt's Sheriff's deputy was at Owens Saloon one block away, though unarmed. When he heard the shooting, he ran to the scene, borrowed a pistol from Fred Dodge, and went to help White. He sees White's attempt to disarm Curly Bill Brocius and his gun is released, hitting White in the groin. Wyatt Brocius's pistol-whip, dropped him to the ground. Then he grabbed Brocius's collar and told him to wake up. Brocius protested, asking, "What have I done?"
Fred Dodge arrived at the scene. In a letter to Stuart Lake many years later, he remembers what he sees.
The nerves and nerves of Wyatt never showed a better profit than that night. When Morg and I grabbed it, Wyatt crouched beside him beside Curly Bill and Fred White. Curly Bill's friends shoot in the dark. The shooting was alive and the snails hit the chimney and cabin... in all that noise, Wyatt's voice was even calm as usual.
Wyatt changed his story later, told John H. Flood that he had not seen Brocius's gun on the ground in the dark until after. The gun contains one cartridge and five rounds of life. Brocius released the preliminary hearing so that he and his case could be transferred to Tucson District Court. Virgil and Wyatt escort Brocius to Tucson for trial, possibly saving him from the death penalty without trial. White, age 31, died of his wounds two days after his shooting.
On December 27, 1880, Wyatt testified that the White shooting was not deliberate. Brocius expressed regret, saying he did not intend to shoot White. Gunsmith Jacob Gruber testified that Curly Bill's single-action revolver was broken, allowing it to be discarded in half chickens. A statement from White before he died was introduced which stated that the shooting was not accidental. The judge ruled that the shooting was unintentional and liberated Brocius. Brocius, however, remained very angry about how Wyatt fired his pistol and became an enemy to the Earps. Virgil also was appointed acting marshal town of Tombstone.
Loss of review
Wyatt served only as a sheriff's deputy for Pima County east for about three months because, in November, Democrat Shibell ran for re-election against Republican challenger Bob Paul. This region is very Republican and Paul is expected to win. Republicans Wyatt hopes he will continue his work. Given how fast East Pima County is growing, everyone hopes that it will be split into its own region immediately with Tombstone as its seat. Wyatt hopes to win a job as a new county sheriff and continue to receive plums of 10% of all taxes collected. The South Pacific is the owner of the main land, so tax collection is a relatively easy process.
On election day, November 2, Precinct 27 in San Simon Valley in northern Cochise County, yielding 104 votes, 103 of which are for Shibell. Shibell suddenly won the election by 58 votes in suspicious situations.
James C. Hancock reports that Cowboys Curly Bill Brocius and Johnny Ringo served as electoral officers at the San Simon police station. However, on November 1, the day before the election, Ringo biographer David Johnson put Ringo in New Mexico with Ike Clanton. Curly Bill has been arrested and imprisoned in Tucson on October 28 for firing Marshal Fred White, and he is still there on election day.
John Magill's house was used as a polling station. The police only contains about 10 eligible voters (other sources say 50), but the Cowboys collect non-voters like children and Chinese and order them to vote for ballot papers. Not satisfied, they named all dogs, burros, and poultry and voted on their behalf for Shibell. The electoral assembly met on November 14 and declared Shibell the winner.
Earp resigned from the sheriff's office on November 9, 1880, and Shibell immediately appointed Behan as the new sheriff's deputy for the eastern Pima County. Democrat Johnny Behan has more political experience than Republican Wyatt Earp. Behan previously served as sheriff of Yavapai County from 1871 to 1873. He was elected to the Arizona Legislature twice, representing Yavapai Country in the 7th Territorial Legislature in 1873 and Mohave County on the 10th in 1879. Behan moved for a while. The northwest region of Arizona, where he served as Mohave County recorder in 1877 and then deputy sheriff of Mohave County in Gillet, in 1879.
Paul filed a lawsuit on Nov. 19 over the election results, alleging that Cowboy Shibell supporters, Ike Clanton, Curly Bill Brocius, and Frank McLaury have teamed up to fill ballot papers. Chief Justice of Arizona C.G.W. France decided to support Paul at the end of January 1881, but Shibell appealed. The lawsuit was finally settled in April 1881. The election commission found that a mysterious "Henry Johnson" was responsible for the certification of ballots. This turned out to be James Johnson, the same James K. Johnson who had shot Allen Street on the night of the White Marshal killed. In addition, he was the same Johnson who testified at Curly Bill's preliminary hearing after he shot Fred White. James Johnson later testified to Bud Paul in an election hearing and said that the ballots had been left in Phin Clanton's care. None of the witnesses during the election hearing reported the ballot being thrown by the dog. The recounts found that Paul had 402 votes and Shibell had 354. Sixty-two were kept from closer examination. Paul was declared the winner of the Pima County sheriff's election, but at that time, the election was a moot point. Paul could not replace Behan with Earp because on January 1, 1881, Cochise County was created from the eastern part of Pima County.
Behan won selection
Earp and Behan are both applied to fill the new position of Cochise County sheriff, which is like a Pine County sheriff's job, paying 10% office holders of fees and taxes collected. Earp thinks he has a good chance of winning a position because he is a former atersheriff in the area and a Republican, such as Arizona's John C. Fremont Territorial Governor. However, Behan has greater political experience and influence in Prescott.
Earp unfairly testified during the preliminary hearing after a shootout at O.K. Corridor that he and Behan have made a deal. If Earp withdrew its application to the legislature, Behan agreed to appoint Earp as a bully. Behan accepted the appointment in February 1881, but did not keep the end of the bargain, and instead chose Harry Woods, a prominent Democrat, as a shepherd. Behan testified at first that he did not make a deal with Earp, though he later admitted he was lying. Behan said he broke his promise to appoint Earp because of an incident that occurred shortly before his appointment.
This incident arose after Earp learned that one of his prize horse, stolen more than a year earlier, belonged to Ike Clanton and his brother Billy. Earp and Holliday rode to a Clanton farm near Charleston to restore the horse. On the way, they overtake Behan, who is riding a cart. Behan also headed to the farm to serve a hearing call on Ike Clanton. Accounts are different from what happens next. Earp later testified that when he arrived at Clanton's ranch, Billy Clanton handed over the horse even before it was given ownership papers. According to Behan's testimony, however, Earp told Clanton that Behan was on his way to arrest them for theft of the horse. After the incident, which humiliated Clantons and Behan, Behan testified that he did not want to work with Earp and chose Woods instead.
Relationship with Marcus Sadie
Wyatt Earp is thirty-two and 35-year-old Johnny Behan seems to share an interest in the same 18-year-old woman, Josephine Sarah Marcus. He said he first visited Tombstone as part of the Pauline Markham Theater Troupe on December 1, 1879, for a week-long engagement, but modern researchers have not found a record that he was part of a theater company. Behan has a salon at Tip Top, Arizona, where he maintains a prostitute named Sadie Mansfield. In September 1880, Behan moved to Tombstone. Sadie may have returned to San Francisco and later joined Behan in Tombstone, where she and Behan continued their relationship. Sadie is a famous nickname for Sarah, and prostitutes usually change their first names. Wyatt has a sadistic sense of humor. When they became a couple in 1882, he knew his wife preferred the name "Josephine" and hated "Sadie", but at the beginning of their relationship he started calling her Sadie.
Sadie Mansfield and Sadie Marcus had names and initials that were very similar and shared by their friends as Sadie. The two traveled on a train trip from San Francisco to Prescott, Arizona Region; both traveling with a black woman named Julia; both are sexual partners with Behan; both 19 years old, born in New York City, and have parents from Prussia. The only differences noted in the 1880 census are their work: Sadie in San Francisco is listed as "At home", while Sadie in Tip Top is recorded as a "Whore". Josephine said that her parents hid her activities, and they might protect her when the enumerator, a neighbor who knew the family, appeared at their doorstep.
In the spring of 1881, Marcus found Behan in bed with a friend's wife and drove him away, though he still used the Behan family name until the end of that summer. Earp has a legal relationship with Mattie Blaylock, who was listed as his wife in the June 1880 census. He suffered from a severe headache and became addicted to laudanum, a commonly used opiate and painkiller. There is no contemporary record in Tombstone about the relationship between Josephine and Earp. Tombstone Diarist George W. Parsons never mentioned seeing Wyatt and Josephine together and so did John Clum in his memoirs. But Earp and Marcus clearly know each other, since Behan and Earp both have offices above Crystal Palace Saloon.
A letter written by former New Mexico Region Governor Miguel Otero in 1940 seems to indicate that Earp had strong feelings for Josephine in April 1882. After leaving Tombstone following the Earp Vendetta Ride, the Earp posse went to Albuquerque, New Mexico, for two Sunday. While there, Wyatt lives with prominent businessman Henry N. Jaffa, who is also president of the New Albuquerque Trade Council. Like Josephine, Jaffa is a Jew.
Wyatt and Holliday were quick friends since Holliday saved Earp's life in Dodge Town during 1878. During their stay in Albuquerque, the two men ate at Retreat Restaurant owned by "Fat Charlie". Otero wrote in his letter, "Holiday said something about Earp being 'a Jew-a fucking kid.' Earp became angry and went away.... [Henry] Jaffa told me later that Earp's woman was a Jew Earp did mezuzah when entering the house. "Wyatt lives with leading businessman Henry N. Jaffa, who is also president The New Albuquerque Trade Council. Jaffa is also a Jew, and based on the letter, Earp has, while living in Jaffa's house, honoring the Jewish tradition by performing the mezuzah upon entering his home.
Earp's anger at the Holliday ethnic slur might indicate that his feelings toward Josephine were more serious at the time than were commonly known. The information in the letter is interesting because at that time in the 1940s, the relationship between Wyatt Earp and Josephine Marcus in Tombstone was not a general knowledge. Otero can know these things only if he has a relationship with someone who has personal knowledge about the individuals involved.
Marcus tried hard to cleanse himself and Wyatt's history. For example, he worked hard to keep Wyatt's second name and name, Mattie, from Stuart Lake's 1931 book, Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal, and Marcus threatened the trial to keep it that way. Marcus also told the biographer Earp and the others that Earp never drank, did not have a gambling salon, and that he never gave prostitutes to customers, despite strong evidence to the contrary.
Interests in mining and gambling
Losing undersheriff's position leaves Wyatt Earp without a job at Tombstone; However, Wyatt and his brothers began to earn money from their mining claims in the Tombstone area. In January 1881, Oriental Saloon owner Mike Joyce gave Wyatt Earp a quarter interest in faro concessions at the Oriental Saloon in exchange for his services as manager and law enforcement. Gambling is considered a legitimate profession, comparable to that of doctors or members of the clergy, at the time. Wyatt invites his friend, lawyer and gambler Bat Masterson, to Tombstone to help him run a faro table at the Oriental Saloon. In June 1881, Wyatt also sent another friend and gambler from Dodge, Luke Short, who lived in Leadville, Colorado, and offered him a job as a faro merchant.
Bat remained until April 1881, when he returned to Dodge Town to help his brother, Jim. On October 8, 1881, Doc Holliday was involved in a dispute with John Tyler at the Oriental Saloon. Rival gambling concession operator hired someone to interrupt Wyatt's business. When Tyler starts a fight after losing a bet, Wyatt throws him out of the saloon. Holliday later wounded the owners of Oriental Milt Joyce and his partner William Parker and was convicted of assault.
Support lynch mob
Michael O'Rourke (Johnny Behind the Deuce) killed Henry Schneider, chief engineer of Tombstone Mining and Milling Company - he said defending himself. Henry was very well-liked, and a bunch of quick miners gathered, threatening to kill O'Rourke on the spot. Stuart Lake tells a story in his book about how Earp alone is facing a massive crowd. But Stone Nisan gave Ben Sippy a major credit to calm the crowd, assisted by Virgil Earp, Wyatt Earp, and Johnny Behan. The story by Lake gives credit to Earp added to Earp's modern legend as a lawyer.
Stagecoach robbers kill two
The tension between the Earps and the Clantons and McLaurys rose to 1881. On March 15, 1881, at 10 pm, three cowboys attempted to rob Kinnear & The company's Stagecoach reportedly brought in US $ 26,000 in silver currency (or about $ 659.324 in today's dollars). (The amount of bullion that the postcars actually did was questioned by modern researchers, noting that at the current value of US $ 1.00 an ounce, the bullion would weigh about 1,600 pounds (730 kg), a significant weight for the horse team According to Wells Fargo , John Q. Jackson, the postcars usually carry an Express Box containing bars weighing only 100 to 150 pounds (45 to 68 kg).)
The robbery occurred near Benson, where robbers killed the popular driver Eli "Budd" Philpot and passenger Peter Roerig.
The Earps and posse track people down and capture Luther King, who claims he has been in control while Bill Leonard, Harry "The Kid" Head, and Jim Crain robbed the stage. They arrested King and Sheriff Johnny Behan drove him to jail, but somehow King walked in the front door and out of the back door.
During the trial into the shootout at O.K. Corral, Wyatt testified that he offered US $ 3,600 in Wells Fargo ($ 1,200 per robber) money to Ike Clanton and Frank McLaury in exchange for information about the identity of the three robbers. Wyatt testified that he had other motives for his plan as well; he hopes that capturing the killers will increase his chances of election as a Cochise County sheriff. Wyatt told the court that he had taken the extra step of getting a second telegram copy for Ike from Wells Fargo which ensured that the gifts to capture the killers were dead or alive.
According to testimony given by Wyatt and Virgil, both Frank McLaury and Ike Clanton agreed to provide information to assist in capturing Leonard, Chief, and Crain, but they never had a chance to fulfill the agreement. The three suspects were killed while attempting another robbery.
In his testimony at the trial, Clanton said Wyatt did not want to arrest the men, but to kill them. Clanton told the court that Earp wanted to hide the Earp family's involvement in Benson's stage robbery. He said Wyatt asked him to keep it a secret, and the next day, Morgan Earp asked him if he would make a deal with Wyatt. He said that four or five days after that, Morgan had told him that he and Wyatt had "channeled $ 1,400 to Doc Holliday and Bill Leonard", who should have been onstage the night Bud was killed. During his testimony, Clanton told the court, "I would have nothing to do with helping catch -" and then he corrects himself "--Kill Bill Leonard, Crane and Harry Head". Clanton denied having any knowledge of Wells Fargo's telegram confirming the prize money.
The September robbery robbery event
Meanwhile, the tension between Earps and McLaurys increased as the Cowboys robbed the passenger stage at Sandy Bob Line in the Tombstone area on September 8, heading for nearby Bisbee. Masked robbers rocked passengers and plundered iron squares. They are recognized by their voice and language. They are identified as Sheriff Vice Pete Spence (aka Elliot Larkin Ferguson) and Deputy Sheriff Frank Stilwell, Spence business partner. Stilwell was fired moments later as sheriff's deputy for Sheriff Behan (for the county tax "irregularities of accounting").
Wyatt and Virgil Earp rode with a sheriff's fence trying to track down the stage robbers. Wyatt finds unusual heel prints in the mud. The fence checks with a shoemaker at Bisbee and finds a suitable heel that he just removed from Stilwell's boots. Further inspection of a Bisbee cage appeared both Spence and Stilwell, who were captured by sheriff's deputies Billy Breakenridge and Nagel.
Spence and Stilwell were indicted on charges of robbery in front of Judge Wells Spicer, who set their $ 7,000 bail. They were released after paying their bail, but Spence and Stilwell were arrested again by Virgil for Bisbee robberies a month later, on October 13, on new federal charges that disrupted a postal company. The papers, however, reported that they had been arrested for a different stage robbery that occurred (Oct. 8) near the City of Contention. Occurred less than two weeks before the British Corral Shooting, this last incident may have been misunderstood by McLourys. While Wyatt and Virgil were still out of town for the Spence and Stilwell trial, Frank McLaury met with Morgan Earp, telling him that McLaurys would kill the Earps if they tried to capture Spence, Stilwell, or McLacays again.
Maps Wyatt Earp
Shootout on Fremont Street
On Wednesday, October 26, 1881, tensions between Earps and Cowboys emerged. Ike Clanton, Billy Claiborne, and other Cowboys have threatened to kill the Earps for several weeks. The city of gravestone Marshal Virgil Earp learned that the Cowboys were armed and had gathered near O.K. Cattle pen. He asks Wyatt and Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday to help him, because he intends to disarm them. Wyatt had been represented by Virgil a few days earlier as a temporary marshal assistant, Morgan was the city marshal's deputy, and Virgil also called Holliday to help. At about 3 pm, the Earps and Holliday headed toward Fremont Street, where the Cowboys were reported to be gathering.
They found five Cowboys in vacant land near O.K. Corral back entrance on Fremont Street. Many of Harwood House and the Fly's Boarding House and the Photography Studio are narrow - two parties initially only about 6 to 10 feet (1.8-3.0 m) apart. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne escaped from gunfire. Tom and Frank McLaury, along with Billy Clanton, stood in their land and were killed. Morgan was clasped with a shot on his back that clasped both the shoulder and spine. Virgil was shot through the calf, and Holliday was knocked out by bullets.
Billed for murder
On October 30, as permitted by territorial law, Ike Clanton filed a lawsuit against the Earps and Holliday. Judge Wells Spicer held a preliminary hearing on October 31 to determine if there was enough evidence to be tried. In an unusual process, he took written and verbal testimony from about 30 witnesses for more than a month.
Sheriff Behan, who testified for the prosecution, said that the Cowboys did not fight, but have raised their hands and it turns out their coats show that they are unarmed. He said that Tom McLaury opened his coat to show that he was unarmed and that the first two shots were fired by the Earp. Sheriff Behan insisted that Doc Holliday had fired first with a nickel-plated gun, although another witness reported seeing him carrying a messenger rifle immediately.
The Earps hired an experienced trial lawyer, Thomas Fitch, as defender. Wyatt testified that he pulled his gun only after Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury bought their gun. She details Earl's earlier problems with Clantons and McLaurys and explains that they are meant to disarm the cowboys. He said they were shooting to defend themselves. Fitch managed to produce testimony from prosecution witnesses during a contradictory cross-examination, or appeared to avoid the question, or where they said they could not remember it.
After extensive testimony, Justice Spicer decided on 30 November that there was not enough evidence to indict the men. He said the evidence shows that Earps and Holliday acted in law and that Holliday and Wyatt had been temporarily replaced by Virgil. Although the Earps and Holliday are free, their reputation has been tarnished. Cowboys in Tombstone look at the Earps as a robber and a killer and plotting revenge.
Reply Cowboys
On December 28, while walking between the saloons at Allen Street in Tombstone, Virgil was ambushed and attacked by a rifle that hit his left arm and shoulder. Ike Clanton's hat was found behind the building at Allen Street from where the shot was fired. Wyatt cable US Marshal Crawley P. Dake asked to be appointed deputy marshal US with the authority to elect his own deputy. Dake granted the request at the end of January and gave Earps some of the funds he had borrowed from Wells, Fargo & Co on behalf of Earps, various reported as $ 500 to $ 3,000.
In mid-January, when Earp ally Rickabaugh sold the Oriental Saloon to Earp's enemy, Milt Joyce, Wyatt sold his gambling concessions at the hotel. The Earps also raised some funds from sympathetic business owners in the city. On February 2, 1882, Wyatt and Virgil, exhausted by criticism directed at them, filed their resignation to Dake, who refused to accept them because their accounts had not been settled. On the same day, Wyatt sent a message to Ike Clanton that he wanted to reconcile their differences, which Clanton rejected. Clanton was also freed that day from charges against him in the shooting of Virgil Earp, when the defense brought seven witnesses who testified that Clanton was in Charleston at the time of the shootings.
The Earps requires more funds to pay extra deputies and related expenses. Contributions received from supportive business owners are not enough. On February 13, Wyatt mortgaged his home for lawyer James G. Howard for $ 365.00 (about $ 9,256 today) and received $ 365.00 in US gold coins. (He could never repay the loan and in 1884 Howard confiscated the house.)
After attending the theater show on March 18, Morgan Earp was killed by armed men who shot from the dark hallway through the door window into a room where he played billiards. Morgan struck on the right side. The bullet destroyed his backbone, passing through his left side, and nesting on George A. B. Berry's thigh. Another round almost lost Wyatt. A doctor was called and Morgan was moved from the floor to the nearest couch. The killers fled in the dark and Morgan died 40 minutes later.
Wyatt Earp feels he can not rely on civil justice, and decides to take action on his own. He concludes that the only way to deal with Morgan's killers is to kill them all.
Earp vendetta ride
The day after Morgan's murder, US Vice Marshal Wyatt Earp formed a posse consisting of his brothers James and Warren, Doc Holliday, Sherman McMaster, Jack "Turkey Creek" Johnson, Charles "Hairlip Charlie" Smith, "Tipton", and John Wilson "Texas Jack" Vermillion to protect the family and pursue the suspects, paying them $ 5.00 a day. They took Morgan's body to the railhead at Benson. James will accompany Morgan's body to a family home in Colton, California, where Morgan's parents and wife are waiting to bury him. The fence kept Virgil and Allie all the way to Tucson, where they heard Frank Stilwell and another Cowboy waiting to kill Virgil. The next morning, Frank Stilwell's body was found beside a rail full of gunshot wounds and gunfire. Wyatt and five other federal lawyers were charged for killing him, and Tucson Justice of the Peace Charles Meyer issued their arrest warrant.
The Earp posse briefly returns to Tombstone, where Sheriff Behan tries to stop them. The heavily armed forces removed him. Hairlip Charlie and Warren remain at Tombstone, and the rest leave for the Pete Spence wood camp in the Dragoon Mountains. They found and killed Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz. Two days later, near Iron Springs (then Mescal or maybe Cottonwood Springs), in the Whetstone Mountains, they tried to meet a messenger for them. They suddenly stumble into Curly Bill Brocius's wood camp, Pony Diehl, and other Cowboys villains.
According to reports from both sides, the two sides immediately exchanged shots. Except for Wyatt and Texas Jack Vermillion, whose horse was shot, the Earp resigned to seek refuge from heavy fire. Curly Bill fired Wyatt with a shotgun, but failed. Eighteen months earlier, Wyatt had protected Curly Bill against a bunch of people who were ready to punish him, and then testified that helped put Curly Bill out of the murder trial for killing Sheriff Fred White. Now, Wyatt returns Curly Bill's shot with his own rifle and fires Curly Bill in the chest from a distance of about 50 feet (15m). Curly Bill fell into the water at the edge of the springs and died.
After emptying his shotgun at Curly Bill, Wyatt fired his revolver, wounding Johnny Barnes in the chest and wounding Milt Hicks on his arm. Vermillion tries to retrieve his pinched rifle in his holster under his fallen horse, exposing himself to Cowboy fire. Doc Holliday helped him to cover up.
According to Lake, Earp told him that both sides of his long coat were fired, and other bullets about the heel of his boots. Ed Colburn wrote in a letter published in Ford County Globe on May 23, 1882 that he visited with Wyatt and Warren Earp in Gunnison, Colorado. In the letter he told the story of Earp about how his coat was struck on both sides of his body with buckwheat and that his saddle horn was shot dead. John Flood wrote,
The Saddle-horn broke, his mantle hung torn, there were three holes in the legs of his trousers, five holes through his sombrero crown, and three through the edges.
Earp could finally climb into his horse and retreat with the rest of the posse. Some modern researchers have found that most saddlehorns today are made of steel, not wood. Wyatt recounts several versions of the story in which he had trouble re-installing his horse because his card belt had fallen to his feet. Earp has never been hurt in his confrontation, which adds to his mystique.
Leaving the Cowboys behind, the Earp Party marched north to Percy Ranch, but was not greeted by Hugh and Jim Percy, who feared the Cowboys; after the meal and rest, they leave at around 3 am on the morning of 27 March. The Earp Party sneaks into the area near Tombstone and meets with supporters, including Hairlip Charlie Smith and Warren Earp. On March 27, the posse arrived at the Sierra Bonita Ranch owned by Henry Hooker, a wealthy and prominent breeder. That night, Dan Tipton captures the first stage of Tombstone and heads to Benson, bringing $ 1,000 from the mining owner and supporters of Earp E. B. Gage for a posse. Hooker congratulates Earp for the murder of Curly Bill. Hooker feeds them and Wyatt tells him that he wants to buy a new ride. Hooker is known for his castrated stallion and ran over 500 horse mothers that produce horses known for their speed, beauty and temperament. He gave Wyatt and his posse with new mounts, but refused to take Wyatt's money. When Behan's posse is observed in the distance, Hooker advises Wyatt to stand there, but Wyatt moves to the hill about three miles (5 km) away near Reilly Hill.
Federal troops led by Wyatt Earp were not found by the local posse, led by Sheriff Cochise County's John Behan, although Behan's party trailed the Earps for miles away. In mid-April 1882, the Earp Party left the Arizona Region and headed east to the New Mexico Territory and then to Colorado.
The coroner's report was credited to the Earp by killing four people - Frank Stilwell, Curly Bill, Charlie India, and Johnny Barnes - on their two-week journey. In 1888, Wyatt Earp gave an interview with the California historian H. H. Bancroft in which he claimed to have killed "more than a dozen stage robbers, assassins, and thieves" in his time as a lawyer.
Life after the Tombstone
The clash at Tombstone lasted only 30 seconds, but ultimately determined Earp for the rest of his life. After Wyatt killed Frank Stilwell in Tucson, his movement received national press coverage, and he became a commodity known in Western folklore.
Faro Deals in Colorado
After killing four Cowboys, Wyatt and Warren Earp, Holliday, McMaster, "Creek Creek" Jack Johnson, and Texas Jack Vermillion leave Arizona. Wyatt never returned to Tombstone. The group stopped in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where they met US Deputy Marshal Bat Masterson, Wyatt's friend. Masterson went with them to Trinidad, Colorado, where Masterson opened the faro game in the sedan and later became the marshal.
Wyatt was dealing with faro at the Masterson salon for a few weeks before McMaster, Vermillion, Warren Earp, and he left in May 1882 for Gunnison, Colorado. The Earps and Texas Jack set up camps on the outskirts of Gunnison, where they remained silent at first, rarely going into town for supplies. In Gunnison, they were reported to have attracted a "golden brick deception" to a German visitor named Ritchie by trying to sell him stones painted gold for $ 2,000.
Wyatt and Holliday have a serious disapproval "when Holliday says something about Earp being 'a Jew-a fuckin' boy. '" They split up in Albuquerque. Holliday and Dan Tipton drove to Pueblo, Colorado, while the rest of the group headed for Gunnison.
Holliday and Wyatt met again in June 1882 in Gunnison after Wyatt intervened to keep his friend from catching up on murder charges that they had all been suspended against them for killing Frank Stillwell in Tucson. Earp saw Holliday for the last time in the late winter of 1886, where they met at the lobby of the Windsor Hotel. Josephine Marcus describes Skeletal Holliday as having a continuous cough and standing on "unstable legs."
Reassemble with Sadie in San Francisco
Sadie, traveling well as Mrs. JC Earp or Mrs. Wyatt Earp, left Tombstone for his family in San Francisco via Los Angeles on March 25, 1882. It was one week after Morgan Earp was murdered and five days after Wyatt set out to chase off the people he trusted in charge.
In July, Wyatt traveled from Colorado to San Francisco, where Josephine lived with her stepbrother, Rebecca and her husband, Aaron Wiener, and where his brother Virgil sought treatment for his arm. Wyatt remained in San Francisco for about nine months until early 1883, when Josephine and he left San Francisco together for Silverton, Colorado, where silver and gold mining grew. This is the first of many mining camps and boomtown where they live. Josephine, or Sadie as Wyatt liked to call her, was Wyatt's legal wife until his death 46 years later.
Mattie asks for a divorce
Wyatt still owns a home in Tombstone with his mother-in-law Mattie Blaylock, but he waits for him at Colton, where his parents and Virgil live. During the summer of 1882, he sent Wyatt a letter saying he wanted a divorce. He has met a gambler from Arizona and he has asked him to marry him. Wyatt, who does not believe in divorce, refuses. He ran away with the gambler, and he then left it in Arizona.
He moved to Pinal City, Arizona, where he went on living as a prostitute. Mattie fought with addiction and committed "suicide with opium poisoning" on July 3, 1888.
Dodge City War
During what was known as the Dodge City War, the mayor tried to run Earp's friends
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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