Union Oil Company of California, dba Unocal is a company that was a major petroleum explorer and marketer in the late 19th century, until the 20th century, and entered the early twentieth century, 21. It's headquartered in El Segundo, California, United States.
Unocal is involved in domestic and global energy projects. Unocal was one of the key players in the CentGas consortium, which sought to build the Trans-Afghan Pipeline to flee the Caspian region, through Afghanistan, to the Indian Ocean, sometime after the recent Taliban siege of Kabul in 1996.
On August 10, 2005, Unocal combines upstream petroleum business with Chevron Corporation and becomes a wholly owned subsidiary. Unocal has now ceased operations as an independent company, but continues to operate as a Union Oil Company of California, a Chevron company.
Since 1990, Unocal continues to have a strong presence in the downstream petroleum business with their technical collaborator M/s Raaj Unocal Lubricants Ltd. to manufacture and market their lubricant products in Asia. Raaj Unocal Lubricants Ltd. continues the legacy of Unocal 76 in downstream petroleum business and has brand intellectual property rights since 1994.
Video Unocal Corporation
Histori
Union Oil Company of California was founded on October 17, 1890, in Santa Paula, California, by Lyman Stewart, Thomas Bard, and Wallace Hardison. It is a merger of three Southern California Oil Companies: Sespe Oil Company, Hardison and Stewart Oil Companies, and Mission Transfer Companies. All three are famous for not being affiliated with Standard Oil. Union Oil moved its headquarters to Los Angeles, in 1901. The original headquarters in Santa Paula is the California Historical Landmark.
Around 1910, Union Oil made a strategic alliance with the Independent Producers Agency, a group of small oil producers, to build a pipeline from the Kern County oil field to the Union Oil facility on the Pacific coast. This gives independent producers an alternative to what they consider to be the low price paid by Standard Oil and the high freight rates charged by railroads to move crude oil. This gives Union access to large volumes of crude oil. The situation is then fictional in the 2007 film There Will Be Blood .
In 1919, Union Delaware Oil Company was established as a holding company for Union Oil Company of California. In 1920, Union Oil purchased Central Petroleum Company from the Texas Company. In 1922, Union Oil Associates, Inc. was established in California as a holding company to prevent Union Oil Company of California from passing to foreign interests after the merger of Union Delaware Oil Company with Royal Dutch Company.
In 1961 Union entered the Indonesian oil market. Henry L. Brandon, Vice President of International Development Union wrote the arrangement of "employment contract", which is the first for Indonesia. In a speech to Indonesian Independence Day in August 1961, then President Soekarno spoke at length about "production sharing", which included the language written into contracts by Union executives.
The company grew into a national status in 1965, when Union Oil joined the Pure Oil Company, headquartered in Palatine, Illinois, and now Schaumburg, Illinois. Over the next two decades, Union became a major oil producer in southern Alaska and a major natural gas producer in the Gulf of Mexico. The company was reorganized in 1983, and Union Oil Company of California became an operating subsidiary of Delaware's new parent company, Unocal Corporation. In 1985, Mesa Petroleum, controlled by billionaire T. Boone Pickens, attempted to take over Unocal Corp. which resulted in an important decision of the Supreme Court of Delaware Unocal v. Mesa Petroleum, who upheld the takeover defense of Unocal. Almost all operations are carried out by Union Oil Company of California (Union Oil).
In 1977, Unocal acquired The Molybdenum Corporation of America (now Molycorp). Among the assets acquired is the rare earthquake of Mount Pass, which later became a producer of rare earth elements in the world.
In 1989, Unocal placed its midwest refining and marketing assets, including a 150,000-barrel-a-day European refinery (24,000 m 3 /d) in Lemont, Illinois, into a 50/50 joint venture with PetrÃÆ'³leos de Venezuela , SA (PDVSA). The joint venture, known as Uno-Ven Company, is headquartered in Arlington Heights, Illinois and mainly consists of employees of Union Oil's then Schaumburg, Illinois, division headquarters and Lemont, Illinois, refineries. The joint venture was dissolved in 1997, with P.D.V.S.A. receive full ownership. During the life of the joint venture, the known Union 76 brand name continues to prevail in full force. At the time of termination of the joint venture, most stations are converted to Citgo, controlled by P.D.V.S.A.
In 1990, Unocal entered into technical cooperation with a multimillion-dollar business house from India M/s Raaj Unocal Lubricants Limited the main company of Rajgarhia group of Industries through their chairman Late Shri KL Rajgarhia to manufacture and market various Unocal lubricants and lubricants in India. Unocal hereinafter under the terms of their collaboration agreement grant permission to transfer IP rights to the "UNOCAL 76", "76", "UNOCAL" brand names collectively and separately to M/s Raaj Unocal Lubricants Limited for Asia to protect their IP rights the absence of bilateral agreements between the US and INDIA on IP rights.
In 1997, Unocal sold its western refining and marketing operations to Tosco Corporation, including Union 76 brand rights for refining and marketing (except in the countries where Uno-Ven operated). Tosco was later acquired by Phillips Petroleum, who later joined Conoco to form ConocoPhillips.
Acquisitions
In April 2005, US oil company Chevron made an offer to acquire Unocal, followed by a competing bid from China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) on June 22. Chevron's final offer of $ 17.9 billion has been approved by Unocal shareholders. August 10th. The latest CNOOC bid was almost 5% greater than Chevron, but faced significant political opposition from the United States Congress and was eventually withdrawn by CNOOC Aug. 2 citing political uncertainty. After a vote in the United States House of Representatives, CNOOC's offer was referred to President George W. Bush, arguing that its implications for national security need to be reviewed.
Maps Unocal Corporation
Operation
Central Asia
Unocal is one of the key players in the CentGas consortium, an attempt to build the Trans-Afghan Pipeline to flee the Caspian region, through Afghanistan and possibly Pakistan, to the Indian Ocean. One of the consultants to Unocal at the time was Zalmay Khalilzad, former US ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations.
In the 1980s, CIA head Bill Casey had revived the agency's practice of obtaining intelligence from the mobile businessman. Marty Miller, one of Unocal's top executives, has been negotiating in several Central Asian countries since 1995, and volunteered to provide information obtained on the way to Houston's CIA station.
In 1996, Unocal opened an office in Kandahar, Afghanistan, while the Taliban were in the process of taking over the country.
Unocal rented a house in central Kandahar just across the street from one of Osama bin Laden's new compounds. They did not choose this location intentionally. Most of the city's worthy houses are located on Herat Bazaar Road. Also nearby is the Pakistani consulate, which is officially held by the Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence Intelligence (ISI).
Pada tahun 1997,
Robert Oakley [former US ambassador to Pakistan, now on the ad hoc advisory board of Unocal] advised Miller to reach the Taliban by working through the Pakistani government [later led by Benazir Bhutto]. He also suggested that Unocal hire Thomas Gouttiere, an Afghan specialist at the University of Nebraska in Omaha, to develop a job training program in Kandahar that will teach Pashtuns the technical skills needed to build a pipeline.... Unocal agreed to pay $ 900,000 through the University of Nebraska to establish the Unocal training facility on a fifty-six acre site in Kandahar, not far from bin Laden compounds.... Gouttiere travels in and out of Afghanistan and meets with Taliban leaders.... In December 1997, Gouttiere worked with Miller to arrange other Taliban delegations to visit the United States....
Unocal seems to have a deeper role. "Whistleblower" Intelligence Julie Sirrs claims that anti-Taleban leader Ahmad Shah Massoud told him that he was "proof that Unocal has given money to help the Taliban take Kabul [in 1996]". And French journalist Richard Labeviere said, referring to the late 1990s, "CIA and Unocal security forces... provide weapons and military instructors to Taleban militants [s]..." State Department officials openly promote the pipeline , and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger served as consultant Unocal.
The Taliban and Unocal are negotiating in Texas to discuss arrangements for gas pipelines from Turkmenistan to Pakistan in 1997 despite facing competition from the Argentine Bridas Corporation.
Although no agreement was finally made with any company, the Taliban leaned toward making a deal with Unocal in August 1998. The company suspended work on the project following a US cruise missile strike in Afghanistan in response to the 1998 US Embassy bombing and completely interesting. in December 1998 cited low oil prices and the need to cut costs in addition to regional instability.
Unocal is also the third largest member of the recently completed Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline and opened from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.
Indonesia
Unocal entered the Indonesian Market in 1961. Under the leadership of Henry L. Brandon (VP of International Development), UNOCAL was the first US Petroleum Company to sign a production sharing agreement with President Suharto.
Sponsors
Union Oil is a sponsor of the Major Burnham Bowling Trophy, California's annual bowling event backed by Boy Scouts of America and named Major Frederick Russell Burnham.
Unocal 76 is the official NASCAR motor fuel and motor oil from the inaugural sporting season of 1948 until the end of the 2003 season when Sunoco became the official fuel and Mobil 1 became official motor oil. Logo 76 is often seen in the Major League Baseball Stadium and National League Soccer on the west coast and a branded 76 gas station is located in the parking lot of Dodger Stadium.
Criticism
US domestic criticism
In 1969, an explosion on the seafloor near Union Oil's Platform "A" in the Dos Cuadras field leaked between 80,000 and 100,000 barrels (16,000 m 3 ) oil into the water of Santa Barbara's Channel near Santa Barbara, California. The incident led to widespread criticism of Union Oil and the offshore oil drilling industry, and was one of the events leading to the issuance of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA).
The oil pipeline under Avila Beach, California leaked from the 1950s to 1996. A real estate company determined the land to be contaminated in 1989 and Unocal agreed to clean up the land they were contaminating. To clean up the massive spill, the crew must dig enough soil to fill the football field up to 60 feet (18 m) high.
Between the mid-1950s and 1994, Unocal leaked 18 million US gallons (68,000 m 3 ) of petroleum-derived diluents pumped into heavy oil fields to create a flow of free oil - under Guadalupe Nipomo Dunes and seawater nearby, the largest oil spill in California history. The pipeline was leaking in at least 90 places. Locals have seen a strange sparkle at sea level, and dead seals and sea lions began to wash to shore. Although Unocal has denied having any problems, a record found by state fish and game attendants revealed that Unocal had long known the leak. Unocal has been actively cleaning this site since the mid-90s, receiving compliments from the Sierra Club for their habitat restoration work.
In August 1994, the Rodeo San Francisco Refinery Unocal released about 80 to 225 tonnes of dangerous Catacarb, a caustic chemical used to purify hydrogen for gasoline production, into the air for a period of sixteen days. As a result, thousands of residents and local workers filed lawsuits. In 1995, the company agreed to pay a $ 3 million fine after being found guilty of 12 counts of infringement. Less than two weeks after Stamford, Conn's Tosco-based company. Taking over the refinery, Unocal agreed to a $ 80 million settlement. Litigation, started by its predecessor to Scott Cole & amp; The partners, allegedly Unocal managers keep refineries operating during leaks to meet production schedules and enjoy financial bonuses - behaviors that cause large personal injuries in Crockett, California, and neighboring cities. The story is described in the Fallout book.
Doe v. Unocal
In the case of Doe v. Unocal, a Burma villager, sued Unocal for engaging in forced labor, rape, torture and murder. EarthRights International, Center for Constitutional Rights, Paul Hoffman, Hadsell & amp; Stormer, and Judith Brown Chomsky serve as legal advisors to the plaintiffs. In 2005, a settlement agreement was reached to compensate the plaintiffs.
See also
- Unocal Corp vs. Mesa Petroleum Co.
References
- Eviatar, Daphne (May 9, 2005). Great Victory for Human Rights. The Nation .
- Global vs. business Global Justice NOW with Bill Moyers , January 9, 2004.
- Howard, John E. (October 2002). Foreign Tortearing Claim Act: Is Litigation-Run-Amok We're Going Global ?. Retrieved 6 October 2005.
- Unocal. Stories you've never heard of... Yadana Project in Myanmar Obtained October 6, 2005.
- Zagaris, Bruce (October 2002). US Asks US Courts to Stop Human Rights by Indonesian Villagers Against ExxonMobil for Counterterrorism. International Law Enforcement Reporter .
Footnote
Further reading
- Welty, Earl M, and Frank J Taylor. 76 gold mines: Extraordinary life and time Union Oil Company of California (1966) 351pp
External links
- www.unocal.in
- Unocal on Wayback Machine (index archive)
- Unocal Alumni Site
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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