A fitting is used in a pipe system to connect a straight pipe or tubing section, adapting to various sizes or shapes and for other purposes, such as adjusting (or measuring) fluid flow. "Pipes" are generally used to describe the transport of water, gas, or wastewater in a domestic or commercial environment; "piping" is often used to describe high-performance fluid drains (high pressure, high flow, high temperature or hazardous materials) in special applications. "Tubing" is sometimes used for heavy piping, especially those that are flexible enough to be provided in rolls.
Equipment (especially unusual types) requires money, time, materials and tools to install, and is an essential part of piping and piping systems. Valves are technically complete, but are usually discussed separately.
Video Piping and plumbing fitting
Standar
The standard code is followed when designing (or creating) the piping system. Organizations announcing the standard piping include:
- ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
- A112.19.1 Cast iron enamel and standard steel pipe fittings
- A112.19.2 Standard ceramic pipe fittings
- ASTM International: American Society for Testing and Materials
- API: American Petroleum Institute
- AWS: American Welding Society
- AWWA: The American Water Works Association
- MSS: Community Standards Manufacturer
- ANSI: American National Standards Institute
- NFPA: National Fire Protection Association
- EJMA: Joint Expansion Producers Association
- CGA: Compressed Gas Association
The pipe must comply with the dimension requirements:
- ASME B36.10M: Welded and seamless welded steel pipe
- ASME B36.19M: Stainless steel pipe
- ASME B31.3 2008: Piping process
- ASME B31.4 XXXX: Power piping
Codes B31.3 and B31.4 have requirements for piping found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants, as well as related processing plants and terminals. These codes define requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, installation, inspection, inspection and piping testing. Code applies to piping for all liquids, including raw, intermediate and finished chemicals; petroleum products; gas, steam, air and water; fluidized solids; coolant, and cryogenic liquid.
Maps Piping and plumbing fitting
Materials
Pipe-made materials are often the basis for choosing pipes. The materials used for pipe manufacturing include:
- Carbon (CS) and galvanized steel
- impacted impacted carbon (ITC)
- Low temperature carbon steel (LTCS)
- Stainless Steel (SS)
- Soft iron
- Non-ferrous metals (including copper, inconel, incoloy and cupronickel)
- Non-metallic (including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and hardened glass)
- Chrome-molybdenum steel (alloy) - Generally used for high-temperature services
Body fittings for pipes and tubing are most often the same base material with pipes or connected tubing: copper, steel, PVC, polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) chlorinated or ABS. Any material permitted by the pipe, health, or building codes (as applicable) may be used, but must be compatible with other materials in the system, the liquids transported and the temperature and pressure inside (and outside) the system. Common brass or bronze fittings in copper pipes and piping systems. Fire hazards, earthquake resistance, and other factors also influence the selection of fitting materials.
Gasket
The gasket is a mechanical seal, usually ring-shaped, which seals the flange joint. Gaskets vary by construction, materials, and features. Commonly used gaskets are nonmetallic (ASME B 16.21), spiral-wound (ASME B 16.20) and ring-joint (ASME B 16.20). Non-metallic gaskets are used with flat or raised flanges. Spiral-wound gaskets are used with flatten-face flanges, and ring-joint gaskets are used with ring-type joints (RTJ) flanges. The stress develops between RTJ gaskets and flange grooves when the gaskets are bolted to flanges, causing plastic deformation of the gasket.
Gender
Pipes or pipes are usually put into fittings to make connections. The connector is given the gender, abbreviated M or F. An example of this is a "3/4-inch female NPT adapter", which will have male connections that match the same size and yarn standard (in this case, NPT).
General piping and pipe fittings
This section discusses fittings primarily used in pressurized piping systems, although there is some overlap with fittings for low-pressure or non-pressurized systems. Specific fittings for the last setting are discussed in the next major subsection.
Elbow
Elbows are mounted between two lengths of pipe (or tubing) to allow for a change of direction, typically 90 Â ° or 45 Â ° angles; Elbow 22.5 Â ° is also available. The edges may be worked for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or sockets. When the edges differ in size, it is known as a silencer (or silencer).
Elbow 90Ã,º, also known as the "90th bend", "90 ell" or "quarter bend", attaches easily to plastics, copper, cast iron, steel, and tin, and is attached to rubber with stainless steel clamp. Other materials available include silicones, rubber compounds, galvanized steel, and nylon. It's mainly used for connecting hoses to valves, water pumps and deck ducts. Elbow 45Ã,º, also known as "bend 45" or "45 ell", is commonly used in water supply facilities, food, chemical and electronic food pipelines, pipeline air conditioning, agriculture and garden production, and solar energy pipe facilities.
Elbows are also categorized by length. The radius of curvature of the length-radius (LR) of the elbow is 1.5 times the diameter of the pipe, but the radius of short radius (SR) has a radius equal to the diameter of the pipe. Short elbows, widely available, are typically used in pressurized systems, and in strictly physical locations.
Long elbows are used in low pressure gravity pressurized systems and other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition of entrained solids are of concern. They are available in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), and copper, and are used in DWV systems, waste, and central vacuum systems.
Coupling
The coupling connects the two pipes. If the size is different, the installation is known as reducing the coupling , silencer , or adapter . There are two types of coupling: "ordinary" and "slip". Ordinary couplings have small ridges or internally stop, to prevent over-insertion of pipes, and thus under the insertion of other pipe segments (which would result in unreliable connections). A slip coupling (sometimes also called clutch repair ) is intentionally created without this internal stop, to allow it to sneak into place in tight locations, such as repair pipes that have small leakage due to corrosion or clot freezing, or that should be temporarily cut for some reason. Because the termination of flattening is lost, it is up to the installer to carefully measure the location of the clutch slip end to ensure that it is located correctly.
Union
Unity, similar to clutch, allows easy future pipe cutting for maintenance or replacement of equipment. Unlike clutches that require solvent welding, soldering, or rotation (for threaded couplings), pooling allows easy connection and disconnection, several times if necessary. It consists of three parts: beans, female tip and male tip. When the ends of the female and male join, the nuts seal the joint by pressing both ends tightly. The union is a very compact type of flanged connector.
Dielectric unions , with dielectric insulation, separating different metals (such as copper and galvanized steel) to prevent galvanic corrosion. When two different metals come in contact with an electrically conductive solution (ordinary tap water is conductive), they form electrochemical pairs that produce voltage by electrolysis. When the metals are in direct contact with each other, the electric current from one to the other also displaces the metal ions from one to the other; this dissolves one metal, keep it on the other side. A dielectric entity breaks an electrical path with a plastic liner between its parts, limiting galvanic corrosion.
Rotary union allows the mechanical rotation of one part to join, while holding back the leak.
Putting
Putting is a short stub of a pipe, usually a male threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or copper (sometimes unthreaded copper), which connects the other two fittings. Nipple with continuous uninterrupted scrolling is known as close nipple . Putting is commonly used with pipes and hoses.
Silencer
The damper allows a pipe size change to meet the hydraulic flow requirements of the system or adjust to existing pipes of different sizes. Although the reducer is usually concentric, the eccentric reducer is used as needed to maintain the top or bottom-of-pipe level.
Two-tapped bushing
A double-tapped bushing is a fitting that serves as a silencer. It is an arm similar to a nipple close, but threaded on the outer and inner rim. Like a silencer, the double-tapped bus has two threads of different sizes.
A double-tapped bushing is more compact than a silencer, but inflexible. While double-buggy buses have smaller concentric threads of female to larger male threads (and thus smaller pairs from male ends to larger females), silencers may have large and small ends of both sexes. If both ends are of the same gender, they are gender dampers .
There are similar fittings for sweaters and solvents. Since they are not "tapped" (threaded), they are simply called reducing bushing .
Tee
Tee, the most common pipe fitting, is used to combine (or split) fluid flow. These are available with female thread sockets, solvent welding sockets or dissolved welding-solvent sockets and female side outlets. Tees can connect pipes of different diameters or change the direction of pipeline flow, or both. Available in various materials, sizes and finishes, they can also be used to transport a mixture of two fluids. Tees may be the same or not the same in the size of three of their connections, with the same tee being the most common.
Switch tee
This particular type of tee fittings is used primarily in pressurized hydronic heating systems, to transfer a portion of the flow from the main line to the side branches connected to the radiator or heat exchanger. The drill tee is designed to allow continuous flow on the main line, even when the side branch is turned off and does not call for heat. The flowing tee has a sign of direction to watch out for; Tee mounted upside down will work very badly.
Cross
Crosses, also known as four-way fittings or across branch lines , have one inlet and three outlets (or vice versa), and often have solvent-welded or female-. Cross fitting can emphasize the pipe when the temperature changes, as they are at the center of the four connection points. Tee is more stable than the cross; it behaves like a three-legged bench, and the cross behaves like a four-legged bench. Geometrically, three non-collinear points can independently define a plane; three legs are inherently stable, while four overdetermine points are plane, and can be inconsistent, resulting in physical pressure on mounting.
The general crosses in a fire spraying system (where the voltage caused by thermal expansion is generally not a problem), but is not common in pipes. One more expensive cross from two tee.
Cap
Cover, usually liquid or gas-tight, close the end of the open pipe. Close attaches to the outside of the pipe, and may have a solvent welding end or a female threaded interior. The exterior of the industrial cap may be round, square, rectangular, U-shaped or I, or may have a handle. If the solvent weld cover is used to provide a connection point in the future, several inches of the pipe must be abandoned before the cap; when the lid is disconnected for future connections, sufficient pipe must be fixed to allow new mounting to be attached onto it.
Plug
A plug fits within the pipe segment or fitting that
Barb
Thorns (or hoses), which connect a flexible hose or pipe to a pipe, usually have a male threaded end that is paired with a female thread. The other end of the fitting has a single or multiple-spiked tube - a long pointed cone with a bulge, which is inserted into a flexible hose. An adjustable worm screw clip (or other clamp type) is often added, to keep the hose from slipping off the spiked tube. Barb fittings can be made from brass for hot water applications, and plastics can be used for cold water; brass is considered more durable for heavy duty use. Barb fittings may be elbows or straight.
Valve
The valve stops (or regulates) the flow of liquid or gas. They are categorized by applications, such as isolation, throttling, and non-return.
The isolation valve is used to temporarily separate parts of the piping system, to enable maintenance or repair, for example. The isolation valve is usually left in a fully open or fully closed position. The provided insulation valve may have been in place for years without being operated, but should be designed to be ready to operate whenever required, including emergency use.
Throttling valves are used to control the amount or pressure of liquids that are permitted to be passed, and are designed to withstand the wear and tear caused by this type of operation. Because they can wear out in these uses, they are often installed next to an isolation valve that can temporarily disconnect the defective valve from the rest of the system, so it can be repaired or replaced.
Non-return or check valves allow free flow of a fluid in one direction, but prevent its flow in the opposite direction. They are often seen in drainage or sewage systems, but can also be used in pressurized systems.
Valves are available in a number of types, based on design and purpose:
- Gate valve, connector, or sphere - Insulation
- Globe Valves - Refinement
- Valve needle - Narrowing, usually with high precision but low flow
- Butterfly or diaphragm valves - Isolation and throttling
- Valve - Prevents backflow (non-return)
Because they operate at low pressure and depend on gravity to move fluids (and solids), the waste-disposal system uses fittings whose inner surface is as smooth as possible. Fittings may be "belled" (expanded slightly in diameter) or other forms to accommodate tube or tube insertion without forming a sharp interior ridge that may capture debris or accumulate material, and cause clogging or blockage. Newly cut edges of the pipe segment are carefully blinded to remove projection slices of material that can grab debris (such as hair or fibers) that can accumulate to cause clogging. This internal fluency also makes it easy to "snuff out" or "pull out" the clogged pipe with the plumber snake.
Underground pipe systems for landscape drainage or stormwater or groundwater disposal also use a low-pressure gravity flow, so the fittings for this system resemble large-scale DWV fittings. With high peak flow volumes, the design and construction of this system can resemble a storm channel.
The fittings for central vacuum systems are similar to DWV fittings, but usually the construction is thinner and lighter because the weight of the material is delivered less. The design of a shared vacuum system with DWV designs the need to remove internal bulges, burrs, sharp turns, or other obstructions that might create clogs.
Installation of slip-joint
Slip-joint fittings are often used in kitchen drainage systems, bathrooms and bathtubs. They include a separate slip bean and a joint-slip washing machine; washing machine made of rubber or nylon. The advantage of this installation is that the pipes to which it is connected need not be cut to the proper length; The slip joints can be attached in the span end of the insertion pipe. Many slip fittings can be tightened or loosened by hand, for easy access to the sewer system (for example, to clear the traps or access the sewer over the trap).
Sweep the elbow
The DWV's elbow is usually a long-radius type ("sweep"). To reduce the flow resistance and solid deposits when the flow direction changes, they use shallow curves with a large curvature radius. In addition, well-designed systems will often use two elbows 45 ° from one 90 ° (even elbow 90 °) to reduce the disruption of the flow as much as possible.
The inlet fittings of the central vacuum system are deliberately designed with a radius of curvature that is tighter than any other arch in the system. If the debris is drained to a standstill it will jam in the inlet, where it is easy to find and move.
Closet flange
A flanged cabinet (a drainpipe stack where the flush toilet is attached) is a special flange designed to be flushing with the floor, allowing the toilet to be mounted on it. The flange must be mechanically strong to accommodate a bit of misalignancy or movement, and is resistant to corrosion.
Clean
Clean the fittings with removable elements, allowing access to the drain without removing the plumbing fixtures. They are used to allow auger (or snake plumber) to clean the attached channel. Because the cleaning augers are limited in length, cleaning should be placed in locations that can be accessed periodically throughout the drainage system (including outside the building). The minimum requirements are usually at the end of each branch in the piping, right in front of each water closet, at the base of each vertical pile and inside and outside the building on the main drain or sewer. Cleaning usually has a screw cap or screw plug. They are also known as "rodding eyes", because the eye-shaped cover plates are often used on external versions.
Primary trap
The primary trap automatically injects water into the trap, keeping the water seal to keep the exhaust gases out of the building. It should be installed in an easily accessible place for customization, replacement, and repair. Primary traps, special valves, usually connected to a clean water supply in addition to the DWV system. Due to multiple connections, it must be designed to withstand the flow of contaminated water inadvertently.
Combo tee
A combination of tee (combo tee, wye combo, wye tee, long-sweep wye, or combi) is a tee with a center joint connection that gradually curves: wye plus 1/8 bend (45 Â °), combined in one 90 Â ° unit. It is used in the channel for smooth and gradual roads to curb the possibility of clogging, to facilitate the push of the plumber snake through the exhaust system and to push the flow of water toward the sewer.
Sweater
The sanitation tees have a curved middle section. In drainage systems, it is primarily used to connect horizontal channels (including equipment trap arm) to vertical channels. The center connection is generally to the pipe leading to the trap (trap arm). It should not connect the vertical drain to the horizontal drain, since it is likely that the solid will accumulate at the bottom of the junction and cause a blockage.
Baffle tee
Also called a tee with a switching baffle, waste tee or end-stop tee, usually connect the waste track before entering the trap and have a baffle to keep water from one sewage pipe entering the other on the connection.
Double sanitary tee (sanitary cross)
The installation is different from the standard cross because the two ports have a curved hole. Although it has been used in the past to connect channels from back-to-back fixtures (such as back-to-back sinks), some current codes - including the 2006 Uniform Plumbing Code in the United States - prohibit this use suitable for that purpose and require fittings double equipment (dual combination) to minimize waste water from one side flowing to another.
Wye Fitting (Y)
Fits with three openings, a composite (or creates) branch path.This is a waste-fitting tee where the side pipe enters at a 45-degree angle, or an angle other than 90 degrees. Standard Wye is a Y-shaped fitting that allows one pipe to be connected to another at a 45-degree angle.
Wyes is similar to a tee, except for lure branch lines to reduce friction and turbulence. They are usually used to install a vertical drainage pipe to the horizontal. The connection is usually at 45 degrees, not 90 degrees; if a branch turns farther at the end to 90 degrees (perpendicular), the installation becomes a combo. Wyes and combo wyes follow a long-swept pattern relative to sanitary tee and short-sweeping bends, which have a smaller radius and require less space. Awye can also be used to divide branch lines evenly in two directions, such as the separation of the main line into two smaller branches.
Wyes also has industrial applications. Although wyes at low prices are often welded places, the industrial power curse is lubricated with lightning on each seam. In long distance pipe applications, a wye is used for pigging to maintain flow.
Side inlet TY (tee-wye)
This installation (also known as "fitting bungalow" or "fittings cottage") is a sanitary T which allows two trap arms to be connected at the same level. Toilet is the main connection, with a choice of right or left socket to 3 "inlet with a choice of 1-1/2" or 2 "in size.This is to keep the equipment piled high into the beam space and thus preserving the headroom in the room As a water closet should be the lowest equipment, a smaller side outlet (usually used to connect the bathtub trap arm) enters slightly above the larger joint.
Hydraulic equipment
Hydraulic systems use high fluid pressure, such as hydraulic actuators for bulldozers and backhoe. Their hydraulic fittings are designed and rated for pressures much larger than those experienced in general piping systems, and are generally not compatible with those used in plumbing. Hydraulic fittings are designed and built to withstand high pressure leaks and sudden failures.
Connection method
Most of the installation of piping or piping systems involves making leak-proof and reliable connections, and most of the piping requires mechanical support for gravity and other forces (such as wind and earthquake loads) that can interfere with the installation. Depending on technology and connection applications, basic skills may be sufficient, or special skills and professional licensing may be required by law.
Fasteners
Fasteners join, or affix, two or more objects. Although they are usually used to install pipes and fittings for mechanical support in buildings, they do not connect pipes to each other. The commonly used fasteners with piping are stud bolts with nuts (usually completely threaded, with two heavy hexagonal peanuts); bolts and nuts; or a tool-actuated (PAT) binder (usually threaded nails or threaded, pushed onto concrete or stone).
Threaded pipes
The threaded tube has screw threads on one or both ends to be assembled. Steel pipes are often connected with threaded connections; the tapered yarn is cut to the end of the pipe, the sealant is applied in the form of thread-sealing compound or seal yarn tape (also known as PTFE or Teflon tape) and threaded pipe into a threaded fitting with a pipe lock.
Threaded steel pipes are widely used in buildings to deliver natural gas or propane fuels, and are a popular choice in fire spray systems due to their resistance to high mechanical and heat damage. Threaded steel pipes can still be used in locations with high security, because they are more resistant to vandalism, more difficult to remove, and lower scrap grades than copper or brass.
in older installations, the same threaded brass tubes are used, and are considered superior to steels for drinking water, as they are more resistant to corrosion.
Assembling a threaded steel pipe requires skill and planning to allow the length of the pipe to be fastened sequentially. Most threaded piping systems require the use of strategically placed pipe fittings in the final assembly. Threaded steel pipe is very heavy, and requires adequate attachment to support the surface. Although thick wall steel pipes are no longer favorable for delivering drinking water, as corrosion can cause leakage, especially on threaded joints, and deposits on the internal surface will ultimately limit the flow.
Solvent welding
Solvents are applied to PVC, CPVC, ABS or other plastic piping to partially dissolve and integrate adjacent surfaces from piping and installation. Welding solvents are commonly used with arm type connection to connect pipes and fittings made of the same (or compatible) material.
Unlike metal welding, solvent welding is relatively easy to do (although care is required to make reliable connections). Solvents typically used for plastics are usually toxic and may be carcinogenic and flammable, requiring adequate ventilation.
Solder
To make solder joints, chemical flux is applied to the inner arm of the joint and the pipe is inserted. The connection is then heated using propane or MAPP gas torch, the soldering is applied to the heated joint and the liquid solder is pulled into the joint by the action capillary as the flux evaporates. "Sweating" is a term sometimes used to describe soldering of pipes.
Where multiple connections must be made in a short time (such as installation of new building pipes), soldering faster and cheaper than compression or flare fittings. It takes skill level to make a number of reliable solder joints quickly. If the flux residue is cleaned, soldering may produce long-lasting, low-cost connections. However, the use of open flame to heat the joints may pose a fire and health hazard to the occupants of the building, and requires adequate ventilation.
Mematri
Brazing is the process of combining heat in which two basic metal parts join the liquid metal fill metal drawn between them with the capillaries. This process can be used to combine most of the metals and alloys commonly used in engineering. A brazing filler metal has a high melting temperature, which is however lower than the melting point of the joining metal. Brazing can join pipes, rods, and metal pieces that match each other without a large gap; can even join tungsten carbides, ceramics, and similar non-metallic materials.
The well-combined joint is as strong as the parent metal piece and can withstand a demanding service. With a smooth and neat fillet, they have good electrical conductivity.
Welding
Metal welding differs from soldering and brazing where connections are made without adding lower melting point materials (eg solder); instead, the tube or tube material is partially melted and the insertion and direct piping together. This generally requires that piping and installation be the same (or compatible) material. Skills are needed to melt the connection sufficiently to ensure good fusion, while not damaging or damaging the pieces that are joined.
The correct welded joints are considered reliable and durable. Pipe welding is often done by a licensed worker whose skills are periodically retested. For critical applications, each connection is tested with nondestructive methods. Due to the skills required, welded pipe joints are usually limited to high performance applications such as shipbuilding, and in chemical and nuclear reactors.
Adequate ventilation is essential for removal of metal fumes from welding operations, and personal protective equipment should be worn. Since high temperatures during welding can often produce intense ultraviolet light, dark glasses or full face shields should be used to protect the eyes. Precautions should also be taken to avoid fires caused by wild sprays and remnants of heat welding.
Compression tools
Compression fittings (sometimes called "lock-bush fittings") consist of conical, pointed and concave seats; hollow and threaded compression rings (sometimes called ferrules); and compression nuts attached to the fitting body and fastened to make a leak-proof connection. They are usually made of brass or plastic, but stainless steels or other materials can be used.
Although compression connections are less durable than sweaty connections, they are easy to install with simple equipment. However, they take longer to install than sweaty connections and sometimes require reseting to stop slow leaks that can develop over time. Due to these leaks, they are generally confined to accessible locations (such as under kitchen sinks or bathrooms), and are prohibited in hidden locations such as wall interiors.
Push-to-pull compression tools
Flare fixtures
The blazing connectors should not be confused with compression connectors, with which they are generally not interchangeable. Lack of compression rings, they use a cone-shaped cone connection instead. A special flaring device is used to enlarge the tube into a 45Ã, Â ° bell shape that matches the projection form of flare mounting. The bean, which had previously been mounted on top of the tube, then fastened over the fitting to force the surface tapered together tightly. Flare connectors are usually made of brass or plastic, but stainless steels or other materials may be used.
Although the flare connections are labor intensive, they are durable and reliable. Considered more secure against leakage and abrupt failure, they are used in hydraulic brake systems, and in other high-pressure applications, with high reliability.
Flange fixtures
Flange fittings are generally used for connection to valves, inline instruments or equipment nozzles. The two surfaces are combined together with threaded bolts, wedges, clamps, or other means to apply high compressive forces. Although packing, packing, or O-rings can be installed between the flanges to prevent leakage, sometimes it may be just using a special grease or not at all (if the mating surface is precisely formed). Although the fancy flange is large, they work well in demanding applications such as large water supply networks and hydroelectric systems.
Flens are rated at 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500 pounds or 10, 15, 25, 40, 64, 100 and 150 pressure bars. Different types of flanges are available, depending on the construction. Flanges used in piping (orifice, thread, slip-on, blind, welding neck, socket, joints, and reduction) are available with various facings, such as lifting, horizontal, and ring-joint.
Slip-on flanges slip on top of pipe and welded to give strength and prevent leakage. The flange is cheaper than the welded neck and requires less accuracy when cutting the pipe to length. Blind flanges are used to turn off the piping or opening system, while still allowing easy access for inspection.
Welded neck flange is connected to piping system with butt welding. Although the long neck (or hub) makes it expensive, it reduces mechanical pressure on piping by distributing the tension between the base of the flanges and the wall in the weld. Turbulence and erosion are reduced due to the size of suitable pipes and flanges.
A socket flange looks similar to slip-on flanges, but the bore is opposed to receiving pipes. Las fillets around the flanga hub attach flanges to pipes, with interval welds added in high voltage applications. These are most commonly used in high pressure systems, such as hydraulic and steam channels.
The base-band flang is similar to slip-on, with space at the bore junction and flange face for the stub end. The face of the stub tip corresponds to the surface of the flanged gasket. Used where parts of piping need to be disassembled quickly and easily for inspection or replacement.
Mechanical equipment
Manufacturers like Victaulic and Grinnell produce a sleeve-clamp fitting that replaces many flange connections. They attach to the end of the pipe segment through a circular groove that is pressed (or cut) around the end of the pipe to be joined. They are widely used on larger steel pipes, and can also be used with other materials.
The main advantage of these connectors is that they can be installed after cutting the pipe to the length in the field. This can save considerable time and cost compared to flange connections, which must be welded or welded into the pipeline segment. However, the tightened joint is mechanically sensitive to residual stress and thickness caused by different metals and different temperatures.
The grooved fittings, also known as grooved couplings, have four elements: grooved pipe, gasket, housing clutch, and nut and bolts. The groove is made by forming a cold-(or cultivating) groove at the end of the pipe. A gasket covered by a clutch housing is wrapped around two ends of the pipe, with a coupling connecting the groove; bolts and nuts tightened with sockets or impact wrenches. The mounted clutch housing encloses the gasket and hooks the grooves around the pipe to create a leak-proof seal on the retained pipe joint. There are two types of clutch grooved; flexible coupling allows limited angular movement, and a rigid clutch does not allow motion and can be used where joint immobility is required (similar to flanges or welded joints).
Fitted or pressed fittings
Connections are flattened or pressed using a special fittings that permanently attach to the tube with a powered crimper. The fittings, produced with pre-installed sealants, slide over the tubing to connect. High pressure is used to damage the fitting and pressing the sealant against the inner tubing, creating a leak-proof seal.
The advantages of this method are durability, speed, tidiness, and safety. Some furrowed fittings are designed for use with copper pipes, without the need for flux or filler metals. Connections can be made even when the tube is wet. Although the furrowed fittings are suitable for drinking water pipes and other hot and cold systems (including central heating), they are much more expensive than sweating fittings.
Pressfittings with both V and M (Contour & Contour M) profiles in stainless steel, carbon steel and copper are very popular in Europe, and some manufacturers such as, Viega, Gebrit, Swiss Fittings, and ISOTUBI, distribute system hanging press fittings. When compared to other types of connections, press fittings have the advantage of installation speed, and security. Pressing the stainless steel fittings can be completed within 5 seconds with the correct equipment. The main tightening of the fittings to the pipe or other equipment is completed through an electric press machine, but also a mechanical press machine is available. Most major brands further have a plastic slip on the tip of the press tool that allows simple identification if the press fittings have been securely attached. Furthermore, the installation does not use any welding, so press fittings, with appropriate special certification and territory, are installed for the gas line. Stainless steel fittings and carbon steel can store up to 16 bar pressure.
Fittings multilevel hub
Cast iron pipes are traditionally made with one end of the faucet (plain) and one socket or hub tip (cup-shaped). Used, a tap from one segment is placed to the socket of the previous one and the oakum rings are forced down into the joint with a caulking iron. After this the remaining space in the hub has been filled. Ideally, this would be done by pouring molten tin, allowing it to regulate, and hammer it with a caulking tool. If this is not possible due to position or some other factor, the connection can be filled with wool or lead ropes that are heavily packed down one layer at a time.
Rubber sleeves
DWV cast iron fittings are still used in premium construction because they muffle the sound of waste water flowing through them, but today they rarely join traditional lead connections. In contrast, pipes and fittings with non-belled connections are mutually hostile, and clamped with a special rubber sleeve shield (or "no-hub" fitting). The rubber arm is clamped with a stainless steel clamp, which presses the rubber to create a tight seal around the pipe and fittings. Although the materials are not cheap, they are durable (usually neoprene or PVC rubber).
The advantage of flexible rubber fittings is that they can accommodate small misalignments, and can be flexed slightly for installation in tight locations. If necessary, the connection can be disassembled later, and equipment and piping can be reconfigured; However, it is often unusual to reuse rubber clamps and sleeves.
See also
References
External links
- The International Association of Pipelines and Mechanical Officers
- International Code Board
- American Society for Testing and Materials
- Society of Piping Engineers and Designers - Professional piping community with lots of resources and technical information
- Standard dimension of SS/CS calculator pipe
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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