Credit card forgery is a broad term for theft and fraud committed using or involving payment cards, such as credit or debit cards, as a source of fund fraud in transactions. The goal may be to get the goods without paying, or to get unauthorized funds from the account. Credit card fraud is also an addition to identity theft. According to the United States Federal Trade Commission, while the level of identity theft has remained stable during the mid-2000s, it increased by 21 percent in 2008. However, credit card fraud, the crime that most people associate with ID theft, declines as a percentage of all theft complaints ID for the sixth year in a row.
Although credit card fraud incidents are limited to about 0.1% of all card transactions, they have resulted in enormous financial losses as fraudulent transactions are valuable transactions. In 1999, out of 12 billion transactions conducted annually, about 10 million - or one out of every 1,200 transactions - was cheated. Also, 0.04% (4 out of every 10,000) of all monthly active accounts is fraudulent. Even with the tremendous increase in volume and value in credit card transactions since then, this proportion has remained the same or declining because of its sophisticated fraud detection and prevention system. Today's fraud detection systems are designed to prevent one-half of one percent of all processed transactions that still translate into billions of dollars in losses.
In the decade to 2008, general credit card losses were 7 basis points or lower (ie losses of $ 0.07 or less per $ 100 of transactions). In 2007, fraud in Great Britain was estimated at £ 535 million.
Video Credit card fraud
Initiation of card fraud
Fraud cards begin either with physical card theft or by compromise of data associated with the account, including card account numbers or other information that are routinely and need to be available to merchants during legitimate transactions. Compromise can occur by many public routes and can usually be done without notifying the cardholder, merchant, or publisher at least until the account is eventually used for fraud. A simple example is a shop clerk copying a sales receipt for later use. The rapid growth of credit card usage on the Internet has made database database deviations extremely costly; in some cases millions of accounts have been compromised.
Stolen cards can be reported quickly by the cardholder, but compromised accounts can be piled up by thieves for weeks or months before fraudulent use, making it difficult to identify sources of compromise. Cardholders can not find fraudulent use until they receive billing reports, which may rarely be sent. Cardholders can reduce the risk of this fraud by frequently checking their accounts to ensure constant awareness if there are any suspicious or unknown transactions or activities.
Maps Credit card fraud
Card stolen
When a credit card is lost or stolen, it can be used for illegal purchases until the holder notifies the issuing bank and the bank places the block on the account. Most banks have a free 24-hour phone number to encourage rapid reporting. However, it is possible for thieves to make unauthorized purchases on the card before the card is canceled. Without other security measures, thieves could potentially buy thousands of dollars in merchandise or service before the cardholder or card issuer realizes that the card has been compromised.
The only common security measure on all cards is the signature panel, but, depending on the exact design, the signature may be relatively easy to forge. Some merchants will ask to see an image ID, such as a SIM, to verify the identity of the buyer, and some credit cards include a holder image on the card itself. In some jurisdictions, it is illegal for merchants to request cardholder identification. Self-service payment systems (gas stations, kiosks, etc.) are common targets for stolen cards, as there is no way to verify the identity of the cardholder. There is also a new law that has been implemented that identification or signature is only required for purchases above $ 50 unless stated in the merchant's policy. This new law simplifies credit card thieves to do as well because there is no need for any form of identification to be presented, so as long as fraud is done on what counts as a small amount, there is little action taken by the merchant to prevent it.
The general reply action is requiring the user to enter some identifying information, such as a zip code or user post. This method can prevent casual card theft found alone, but if the cardholder's wallet is stolen, it may be trivial for thieves to deduce information by looking at other items in the wallet. For example, U.S. driver's license. generally have the owner's home address and zip code printed on it. Visa Inc. offer a lower price to the merchant on the transaction if the customer provided the zip code.
In Europe, most cards are equipped with EMV chips that require a PIN of 4 to 6 digits to be put into the merchant terminal before payment will be authorized. However, PINs are not required for online transactions and are often not required for transactions using magnetic stripes. But transactions of magnetic strips are prohibited under the EMV system (which requires PIN). In many/most European countries, if you do not have a card with a chip, you will usually be prompted for an ID-ID - ie. National ID, passport, etc. at the point of sale. Many self-service machines (eg ticket machines at train stations and self-service check-in at airports) require PIN and chip in EMV-land (ie most of Europe, Asia, Middle East etc.).
Needing a customer postal code is illegal in California, where the 1971 law prohibits merchants from requesting or requesting "card-identifiers" as a condition of receiving the card for payment. The California Supreme Court has ruled that the ZIP code qualifies as personal identification information as this is part of the cardholder's address. The company faces a fine of $ 250-1000 for each violation. Requiring a "personal identification number" (PIN) may also be an offense.
The card issuer has several precautions, including sophisticated software that can, before the official transaction, estimate the possibility of fraud. For example, a large transaction that takes place very far from the cardholder's home may seem suspicious. Traders may be instructed to contact the card issuer for verification or to refuse a transaction, or even to hold the card and refuse to return it to the customer. Customers should contact the publisher and prove who they are to get their card back (if it is not a scam and they actually buy the product).
In some countries, credit card holders may make non-contact payments for goods or services by tapping their credit card (or debit) against RFID or NFC readers without requiring a PIN or signature if the total price falls below a predetermined limit. floor limits (for example, in Australia this limit is currently at 100 AUD). Stolen credit or debit cards can be used for a large number of these transactions before the owner can actually cancel the account.
Accounts compromised
Card information is stored in a number of formats. Card number - formally Primary Account Number (PAN) - often printed or imprinted on the card, and the back of the magnetic line contains data in machine-readable format. Fields may vary, but the most common include:
- Cardholder name
- Card number
- Expiration date
- Verification Code/CVV
Card does not present transaction
Letters and the Internet are the primary routes to fraud against merchants who sell and ship products and influence legitimate mail orders and Internet merchants. If the card is not physically present (so-called CNP, the card does not exist) the merchant must rely on the holder (or someone claiming so) to present information indirectly, either by mail, telephone or over the Internet. Credit card holders can be tracked by mail or phone. Although there is security for this, it is still more risky than presenting directly, and indeed card issuers tend to charge higher transaction rates for CNPs, because of the greater risk.
It's hard for merchants to verify that the actual cardholder does indeed authorize a purchase. Shipping companies can guarantee delivery to a location, but they do not need to check identification and they are usually not involved in payment processing for merchandise. The most recent general precaution for merchants is to allow shipments only to addresses approved by cardholders, and merchant banking systems offer a simple method to verify this information. Prior to this and similar countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant since 1992. A carder would get credit card information for the locals and then intercept unauthorized shipping purchased at the mailing address, often by staking out the porch stay.
Small transactions generally undergo fewer checks and tend not to be investigated by card issuers or merchants. CNP traders should take extra precautionary measures against exposure to fraud and related losses, and they pay a higher rate for the privilege of receiving cards. Fraudsters bet on the fact that many fraud prevention features are not used for small transactions.
The merchant association has developed several preventive measures, such as disposable card numbers, but this has not been much successful. Customers expect to be able to use their credit cards without interruption and have little incentive to pursue additional security because the law limits customer liability in the event of fraud. Traders can apply these preventative measures but risk losing business if customers choose not to use them.
Identity theft
Identity theft can be divided into two broad categories: app fraud and account takeover.
Application fraud
Application fraud occurs when someone uses a stolen or fake document to open an account with someone else's name. Criminals can steal documents such as electricity bills and bank statements to build useful personal information. Or, they can create fake documents. With this information, they can open a credit card account or Ioan account in the victim's name, and then withdraw it completely.
Account takeover
Account takeovers occur when criminals pretend to be genuine customers, gain control of their accounts and then make transactions without permission. According to Action Fraud, fraud is done at the point of money lost. Account takeover refers to the act in which fraudsters will attempt to take over customer accounts from various providers such as credit card, email, bank, and more. Account-level controls offer better long-term returns for fraudsters but can be very dangerous for legitimate account owners. According to Forrester, risk-based authentication (RBA) plays a key role in identity and access management (IAM) and risk mitigation of account takeover attacks that generate up to $ 7 billion in annual losses.
The most prominent type of account takeover deals with credit card fraud. Unlike stealing credit card numbers that can be changed after a user reports lost or stolen, fraudsters prefer takeover accounts to maximize their return on investment. Fraudsters use part of the victim's identity such as an email address to gain access to a financial account. This individual then intercepted communication about the account to make the victim blind to any threat. Victims are often the first to detect an account takeover when they find charges on their unauthorized monthly reports or some questionable withdrawals. Recently there has been an increase in takeover accounts since the adoption of EMV technology, which makes it more difficult for fraudsters to clone physical credit cards.
Among some of the most common methods in which fraudsters will take on account takeovers include brute force, phishing, and malware botnet attacks. Other methods include dumpster diving to find personal information in discarded letters, and direct purchase lists of 'Fullz', a slang term for a complete package of identification of information sold on the black market.
Skimming
Skimming is a crime of getting personal information about other people's credit cards used in normal transactions. Thieves can obtain victim card numbers using basic methods such as photocopies of receipts or more sophisticated methods such as using small electronic devices (skimmers) to swipe and store hundreds of victim card numbers. A common scenario for skimming is a restaurant or bar where skimmers have a victim's payment card from their direct view. Thieves can also use a small keypad to secretly transcribe 3 or 4 digit card security codes, which are not on the magnetic strip. Call centers are another area where skimming can easily happen. Skimming can also occur in traders such as gas stations when third-party card reader devices are installed outside or inside fuel dispensers or other card rolling terminals. This device allows thieves to capture customer card information, including their PIN, with every card swip.
Skimming examples have been reported where the perpetrator has placed above the ATM card slot (automated teller machine) device that reads the magnetic strip as the user unknowingly passes their card through it. This device is often used in conjunction with a miniature camera (plugged in unobtrusively to an ATM) to read the user's PIN at the same time. This method is used in many parts of the world, including South America, Argentina, and Europe. Another technique used is a keypad overlay that matches the legitimate keypad underneath it and presses it when operated, but it records or wirelessly transmits the keylog of the entered PIN. Unauthorized devices or groups of devices at ATMs are also known as "skimmers". ATMs that have recently been created often run images of how slots and keypads should look as background so that consumers can identify installed foreign devices.
Skimming is hard to do by the cardholder to detect, but by giving a large enough sample, it is quite easy for the card issuer to detect. The publisher compiles a list of all cardholders complaining of fraudulent transactions, and then uses data mining to find the relationship between them and the merchants they use. For example, if many cardholders use a particular merchant, the merchant can be immediately investigated. Sophisticated algorithms can also search for fraud patterns. Traders must ensure the physical security of their terminal, and penalties for merchants can become severe if they are compromised, ranging from large fines by the issuer to complete the exclusion of the system, which can be a deadly blow for businesses such as restaurants where credit card transactions are the norm.
Checker
Checker is the term used for the process to verify the validity of the stolen card data. Thieves present card information on websites that have real-time transaction processing. If the card is successfully processed, the thief knows that the card is still good. The specific item purchased is immaterial, and the thief does not need to buy the actual product; subscribing to a charity website or donation will be enough. Purchases are usually for small amounts of money, both to avoid using credit card limits, and also to avoid attracting the attention of card issuers. Websites known to be vulnerable to carding are known as credible websites.
In the past, carders used a computer program called "generator" to generate a sequence of credit card numbers, and then tested them to see which account was valid. Another variation is taking fake card numbers to locations that do not process card numbers immediately, such as trade shows or special events. However, this process is no longer feasible due to the extensive requirements by the internet credit card processing system for additional data such as billing address, 3 to 4 digit Card Security Codes and/or card expiration dates, as well as the more general use of wireless card scanners that can process transactions soon. Currently, carding is more often used to verify credit card data obtained directly from victims with skimming or phishing.
A set of credit card details that have been verified in this way is known among fraudsters as phish. A carder will usually sell data files from phish to other individuals who will commit actual fraud. The market price for phishes ranges from US $ 1.00 to US $ 50.00 depending on the type of card, the freshness of the data and the credit status of the victim.
BIN Attack
Credit cards are produced within the BIN range. If the publisher does not use a random number generation, it is possible for an attacker to get one good card number and produce a valid card number. But the likelihood of such an action is still very low and due to a Valid/Expiry date and CVV date.
Phishing
Scammers can use various schemes to lure victims to give them their card information through tricks like websites pretending to be banks or payment systems. Phishing phones can also be used, where a call center is set up to pretend to be associated with a banking organization.
Transfer check balance
Some promotional offers include active balance transfer checks that can be tied directly to a credit card account. These are often sent unsolicited and can happen as often as once a month by some financial institutions. In cases where checks are stolen from the victim's mailbox, they can be used at the point of sale location thus leaving the victim in charge of the loss. They are one of those paths that are sometimes used by con artists.
Unexpected billing
When a cardholder buys something from the vendor and expects the card to be charged only once, the vendor may charge a small number of cards several times at rarely or monthly or annual intervals until the card expires. Vendors may state in print that the customer is now a "member" and the membership will be updated regularly unless the cardholder notifies the vendor in accordance with the cancellation procedures in the "membership agreement" approved by the cardholder when they make the initial purchase. Because periodic costs are unexpected, rare, and small, most cardholders will not pay attention to the bill. If the card holder complains to the bank that the allegation is invalid, the bank will notify the vendor of the disputed allegation and the vendor will reply that the cardholder never canceled the "membership" approved by the cardholder. Since most cardholders do not know the cancellation procedure and the vendor will disclose it only to new customers, the bank will not reverse the fee, but instead will offer to cancel the credit card and republish it with a different account number or expiration date. date. Unexpected repeat billing is located in a legal gray area, depending on whether the customer lawfully approves the charge.
Online bill payments or internet purchases using a bank account are the source for recurring billing known as "recurring bank fees". These are standing orders or bankers' orders from customers to honor and pay a certain amount each month to the payee. With E-commerce, particularly in the United States, vendors or payees can receive direct debit payments through Automated Clearing House (ACH). Although many payments or purchases are valid, and customers have the intention of paying a monthly bill, some are known as Rogue Automatic Payments .
Another type of credit card fraud is targeting utility customers. Customer receives unsolicited personal communication, telephone or electronic from an individual claiming to be a representative of a utility company. Scammers tell customers that their utility will be disconnected unless payments are made immediately, usually involving the use of a debit card that can be reloaded to receive payments. Sometimes scammers use phone numbers and pictures that look authentic to fool victims. The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and coalition of electric, gas and water companies from across North America created the United Against Scams Day Utility beginning November 16, 2016, to raise awareness about fraud targeting utility customers.
Fortunately, harm and punishment
United States
Propose a proposed federal law
The Justice Department has announced in September 2014 that it will seek to impose stricter laws to combat foreign credit card trade. The authorities say the current legislation is too weak because it allows people in other countries to avoid prosecution if they live outside the United States when buying and selling data and not passing their illicit business through the US Justice Department asks Congress to amend the current law which would make it illegal for international criminals to own, buy or sell stolen credit cards issued by US banks independent of geographical locations.
Cardholder's responsibility
In the U.S., federal laws limit the cardholder's liability to $ 50 in the event of actual credit card theft, regardless of the amount charged to the card, if reported within 60 days of receiving the statement. In practice many publishers will release this small payment and simply remove fraudulent charges from the customer's account if the customer signs a written statement stating that the allegations are completely false. If the physical card is not lost or stolen, but only the credit card account number itself is stolen, then Federal law ensures that the cardholder does not have any obligations to the credit card issuer.
Merchants
Traders and financial institutions bear the losses. Merchants lose the value of the goods or services sold and any related costs. If the financial institution has no return cost then the financial institution bears the losses and the trader does not suffer at all. This disadvantage makes traders tend to be cautious and often they prohibit legitimate transactions and loss of potential revenue. Online merchants may elect to apply for additional services offered by credit card companies, such as Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCode. However, it is complicated and awkward to do or use for consumers so there is a trade-off between making selling easy and making it safe.
The liability for fraud is determined by the details of the transaction. If a trader takes all the necessary information and follows all the rules and regulations, the financial institution will bear the responsibility for the fraud. If the merchant does not get all the necessary information, they will be required to refund to the financial institution. This is all determined by the credit card processor.
United Kingdom
In the UK, credit cards are governed by the 1974 Consumer Credit Act (amended 2006). It provides a number of protections and requirements.
Any misuse of the card, unless it is intentionally criminal on the part of the cardholder, must be returned by the merchant or card issuer.
Australia
In Australia, credit card fraud is considered a form of 'identity crime'. The Australian Transaction Reporting and Analysis Center has set a standard definition in relation to identity crimes for use by law enforcement throughout Australia:
- The term identity includes the identity of a natural person (on or off) and the identity of the corporate body
- Identity creation describes the creation of a fictitious identity
- Identity manipulation describes a person's own identity change
- Identity theft describes the theft or assumption of a pre-existing identity (or important part thereof), with or without consent and whether, in the case of an individual, the person lives or dies
- Identity crime is a generic term for describing activities/violations in which the offender uses a false identity, a manipulated identity, or an identity stolen/assumed to facilitate a crime (s).
Losses
Estimates made by the Attorney General's Department show that identity crimes cost Australia up to $ 1.6 billion annually, with a majority of about $ 900 million lost by individuals through credit card fraud, identity theft and fraud. In 2015, the Minister of Justice and Minister Assisting Prime Minister for Counter Terrorism, Michael Keenan, released the Identity Crime and Misuse report in Australia 2013-14. The report estimates that the total cost of direct and indirect identity crimes is closer to $ 2 billion, which includes direct and indirect losses suffered by government agencies and individuals, and identity crime costs recorded by police.
Cardholder Obligations
Victims of credit card fraud in Australia, still own the card, are not responsible for anything purchased without their permission. However, this is subject to the terms and conditions of the account. If the card has been reportedly stolen physically or is lost, the cardholder is usually not responsible for any transactions that are not performed by them, unless the card indicates that the cardholder is acting dishonestly or unreasonably.
Swedish
In Sweden, card issuers must compensate cardholders for fraudulent use. The exception is if the card holder handles the card in a careless manner, which can include leaving the handbag with a card that is not visible in a public place. Then the cardholder must take a loss, usually limited to 12000 SEK (1404 USD), but not limited in case of serious carelessness. Credit card purchases are usually verified with a PIN or ID card in Sweden. If such a check is not done (which is normal for internet purchases) the merchant must take a loss.
Credit card company
To prevent "chargeback" for fraudulent transactions, merchants may register for services offered by Visa and MasterCard called Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCode, under the 3-D Secure umbrella term. This requires the consumer to add additional information to confirm the transaction.
Often online merchants do not take adequate measures to protect their websites from fraudulent attacks, for example by not knowing the order. In contrast to more automated product transactions, the officer overseeing the "current card" authorization request must approve the deletion of goods by the customer from the place in real-time.
Credit card merchants' associations, such as Visa and MasterCard, benefit from transaction fees, charging between 0% and 3.25% of the purchase price plus a cost per transaction between 0.00 USD and 40.00 USD. More cash costs to the bank go up, so it's valuable for merchants to take cards. Issuers are motivated to pursue policies that increase the money transferred by their systems. Many traders believe that pursuing these revenues reduces incentives for credit card issuers to adopt procedures to reduce crime, especially since the cost of fraud investigation is usually higher than the cost of writing it. This fee is passed to the merchant as a "chargeback". This can result in large additional charges: not only the merchant has been cheated for the transaction amount, he is also obliged to pay the chargeback fee, and to add insult to injury the transaction fee is still in effect. In addition, merchants may lose their merchant account if their percentage of the chargeback for the overall turnover exceeds some value associated with the type of product or service they are selling.
Traders have begun to request changes in state and federal laws to protect themselves and their customers from fraud, but the credit card industry has opposed many requests. In many cases, traders have little ability to fight fraud, and only have to accept the proportion of fraud as the cost of doing business.
Because all merchants that accept cards and customers carrying cards are bound by civil contract law, there are some criminal laws that include fraud. The transfer payment association enacts changes to the rules, and the three parties - publishers, consumers, and merchants - are all bound by terms, with terms of self-acceptance in a contract that can be changed.
Merchants
Merchants lose payouts, fees for processing payments, currency conversion commissions, and amounts of chargeback penalties. For obvious reasons, many merchants take steps to avoid chargebacks - such as not accepting suspicious transactions. This may incur additional damage, in which merchants also lose legitimate sales by either blocking legitimate transactions. Mail Order/Telephone Order Traders (MOTO) apply Agent-enabled automation that allows call center agents to collect credit card numbers and other personal information without ever seeing or hearing it. This greatly reduces the likelihood of chargebacks and increases the likelihood that chargebacks will be successfully canceled.
Famous credit fraud attack
Between July 2005 and mid-January 2007, system violations at TJX Companies presented data from more than 45.6 million credit cards. Albert Gonzalez was accused of being the leader of the group responsible for the theft. In August 2009 Gonzalez was also charged for the largest credit card theft to date - information from over 130 million credit and debit cards was stolen at Heartland Payment Systems, 7-Eleven retailers and Hannaford Brothers, and two unknown companies.
In 2012, approximately 40 million sets of payment card information are compromised by Adobe Systems hacking. The compromised information includes customer names, encrypted payment card numbers, expiration dates and information relating to orders of Chief Security Officer Brad Arkin said.
In July 2013, press reports indicated four Russians and a Ukrainian were charged in the state of New Jersey in New Jersey for what it called "the biggest hacking and data breach scheme ever prosecuted in the United States." Albert Gonzalez was also cited as a co-conspirator attack, which saw at least 160 million credit card losses and an excess loss of $ 300 million. The attack affects American and European companies including Citigroup, Nasdaq OMX Group, PNC Financial Services Group, Visa Visa Jordan, Carrefour, J. C. Penny and JetBlue Airways license holders.
Between November 27, 2013 and December 15, 2013, system violations at Target Corporation present data from approximately 40 million credit cards. The stolen information includes your name, account number, expiration date and Card security code.
From July 16 to October 30, 2013, hacking attacks destroyed about one million sets of payment card data stored on computers in Neiman-Marcus. A malware system, designed to connect into the cash register and monitor the credit card authorization process (RAM-scraping malware), infiltrate the Target system and unlock information from as many as 110 million subscribers.
On September 8, 2014, The Home Depot confirmed that their payment system was compromised. They then released a statement saying that hackers earned a total of 56 million credit card numbers as a result of the breach.
On May 15, 2016, in a coordinated attack, a group of about 100 people used 1600 South African credit card records to steal 12.7 million USD from 1400 convenience stores in Tokyo within three hours. Using Sunday and acting in other countries rather than banks issuing cards, they are believed to have won enough time to leave Japan before the theft was discovered.
Countermeasures
Countermeasures to combat credit card fraud include the following.
By merchant:
- PAN truncation - does not display full number on receipt
- Tokenization (data security) - does not store full number in computer system
- Request additional information, such as PIN, zip code, or Card Security Code
- Perform geolocation validation, such as IP address
- Use of Reliance Authentication, indirectly via PayPal, or directly via iSignthis or miiCard.
By card issuer:
- Fraud detection and prevention software that analyzes normal and unusual behavior patterns as well as individual transactions to indicate possible fraud. Profiles include information such as IP addresses. Technology has been around since the early 1990s to detect potential fraud. One of the early market participants was Falcon; Other leading software solutions for card fraud include Actimize, SAS, BAE Systems Detica, and IBM.
- Fraudulent detection and response business processes such as:
- Contact the cardholder to request verification
- Placing preventive controls/suspensions on accounts that may have been victims
- Block the card until the transaction is verified by the card holder
- Investigate fraudulent activity
- Powerful Authentication Actions like:
- Multi-factor Authentication, verify that the account is being accessed by the cardholder through additional information requirements such as account number, PIN, ZIP, challenge question
- Multi-function multi-function authentication, verify that the account is being accessed by the cardholder through additional personal device needs such as smart watch, smart phone, challenge-response authentication
- Out-of-band authentication, verifies that transactions are being made by the cardholder through "known" or "trusted" communication channels such as text messages, phone calls or security tokens
- Industry collaboration and information sharing about known con artists and threat vectors that appear
By Governing Body and Regulation:
- Enact a consumer protection law related to card fraud
- Conduct regular checks and risk assessments from credit card issuers
- Publish standards, guidelines and guidelines for protecting cardholder and monitoring information for fraudulent activities
- Regulations, such as those introduced in SEPA and EU28 by the European Central Bank's 'SecuRe Pay' requirements and the 2nd Payment Service terms of service.
By cardholder:
- Report a lost or stolen card
- Review costs regularly and report unauthorized transactions immediately
- Install virus protection software on personal computers
- Use caution when using credit cards for online purchases, especially on untrusted websites
- Keeps the account number records, expiration dates, and phone numbers and addresses of each company in a safe place.
Additional technology features:
- 3-D Safe
- EMV
- Point to Point Encryption
- Strong authentication
- Actual Link
See also
References
External links
- Federal Institution Financing Institution (FFIEC) IT Booklet  »Information Security» Appendix C: Laws, Regulations, and Guides
- Fundamentals of Visa fraud controls for merchants
- Mastercard merchant training support
- The Internet Crime Crisis Center (IC3) is a partnership between the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C).
- Internet Fraud, with the "Avoiding Credit Card Fraud" section, on the website of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Avoid Credit Card Fraud and Billing at the US Federal Trade Commission
- Consumer Sentinel Reports of the US Federal Trade Commission
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments