Metal conservation and restoration are activities aimed at the protection and preservation of historical objects (religion, art, technical and ethnography) and archeology that are partly or wholly made of metal. It includes all activities aimed at preventing or slowing the destruction of goods, as well as improving their accessibility and legibility as an object of cultural heritage. Despite the fact that metals are generally regarded as relatively permanent and stable materials, in contact with their environment deteriorates gradually, some faster and slower. This applies especially to archaeological finds.
It is imperative that a metal conservator has knowledge of basic metalworking techniques, history of metal work, art history, archeology, metal corrosion, scientific research methods, the theory and ethics of restoration-conservation.
Video Conservation and restoration of metals
Metals and alloys commonly used for cultural heritage objects
- Gold
- Silver
- Copper
- Bronze
- Brass
- Nickel
- Silver nickel
- Monel
- Chromium
- Iron and Steel
- Steel weathering (Corten)
- Stainless Steel
- Titanium
- Tin and Pewter
- Lead
- Zinc
- Aluminum
Maps Conservation and restoration of metals
Unusual metals and alloys used for cultural heritage objects
- Antimon
- Magnesium
- Niobium
- Palladium
- Platinum
- Rhodium
- Mercury
- Electrum
- Tumbaga
- Shakudo
- Shibuichi
- Bidri
- Hepatizon
Metalworking techniques
Basic techniques
- Casting
- Forge
- Fold
- Sawing
- Cut
- Bending
- Drilling
- Archiving (metalworking)
- Piercing
- Sanding
- Polish
Merge techniques
- Solder
- Welding
- Join technique
- Gluing/cementing
Some additional techniques
- Repousse
- Pursue
- Cultivation (metal work)
- Metal spinning
- Annealing (metallurgy)
Surface decorating techniques
- Enamel
- Niello
- Carving
- Etching
- Milling
- Filigree
- Inlay (Damascening)
- Mokume gane
- Welding pattern
- Paste
- Metal chemical staining (Patination)
- Hot colors
- Combine metals and other materials
Some contemporary techniques
- Electroforming
- Reticulations
- Anodization
- Photo Creation
- Folders
- Metal clay
Decrease of metal
The main cause of damage is the corrosion of metal objects or damage of objects by interaction with the environment. Since the most influential factor on the decline of historical objects should be shown as relative humidity and air pollution while in archaeological objects the important role has the composition, depth, moisture and amount of gas in the soil. In the case of seawater or fresh water finds the most important factor of decay is the amount and composition of the dissolved salt, water depth, the amount of dissolved gas, the direction of water flow and the role of microscopic and macroscopic living organisms.
Metal-related material damage
The related material deteriorates depending on whether they are organic or inorganic materials. Organic matter usually fails in a relatively short time, mainly due to biodegradation. With inorganic materials this process is much longer and more complex. The amount of gas, moisture, depth and soil composition is very important. In the case of salty and sweet water found important is the amount of water-soluble gas, water depth, current direction, and microscopic and macroscopic living organisms.
Organic matter
- Skin
- Wood
- Paper
- Fur
- Fur
- Textiles
- Bone
- Horn
- Tortoiseshell
- Amber
- Plant fiber
- Shell
- Pearls
- Ivory
- Coral
- Jet (lignite)
- Plastics
Inorganic materials
- Precious and semiprecious stones (Gems)
- Glass
- Enamel
- Niello
- Ceramics
- Porcelain
Metal conservation planning
Basics
Just as conservation and restoration work on other materials, here are the basic principles of restoration-conservation based on the quality of the implementation and preservation of cultural identity, history and technology as well as the integrity of the best objects. The minimal intervention, reversibility and repetition of preferred treatments are essential, as well as the possibility of easy identification of the restored parts. Recent properties of non-toxic materials and procedures are important, both in relation to object and conservator-restorer as a player, but also in relation to the environment.
Research
Currently scientific research is an integral part of the treatment of metal conservation, at least in developed countries.
Identification of metals and alloys
- Simple method - visual inspection, point test, specific gravity
- Scientific methods - X-ray fluorescence, XRD, Particle-induced X-ray emission, LIBS, SEM, electrochemical engineering, metallography
Identify corrosion process and product
- Simple method - visual check, spot test
- Oddy test - for copper, silver, and tin
- Scientific methods - xrd, SEM, metallography
Identify metal related material
- Simple method - visual inspection, point test, specific gravity
- Scientific method - xrf, chromatography,
Raman spectroscopy
Identify the technology used to generate objects
- Simple method - visual checks
- Scientific methods - metallography, x-ray radiography, x-ray computed tomography
Decision making
In preparing the metal conservation project strategy the same interdisciplinary approach is essential. This implies the participation of as many experts as possible, to a minimum, we can take curators (archaeologists, historians, art historians), scientists specifically for corrosion of metal objects of cultural heritage and conservator - restorer.
Documentation
Systematic and well-managed documentation is currently an important prerequisite for the quality of conservation being implemented and restoration care, including documentation of the state of the object before, during and after treatment. Identification of materials and procedures used to produce objects and results from any scientific research should be part of the documentation as well. Last but not least - an integral part of the documentation should be a recommendation for further treatment of the object.
Ethical and ethical issues in metal preservation
The ethical concept of conservation of metal objects in principle is the same as that in other fields of conservation-restoration of cultural heritage.
But there are some special problems that can only be found in metal conservation - the problem of heat treatment of archaeological objects, and the problem of radical restoration of historic objects, mostly technical, but also architectonic as well.
While in the first case problem is primarily in the destruction of valuable scientific data, in terms of technical, architectural, and somewhat less frequent, the problem of historical objects is that a radically restored item merely simulates the original appearance of the object, and so on. in some ways objects can be regarded as less-successful losers, who only simulate superficially the status of long lost or never existent objects.
According to the above mentioned, whenever possible the actual historical substance must be preserved. Being restored thoroughly and technically executed professionally against the object, should be avoided because these objects must be seen only as a new substitute for authentic historical substance.
Ethical issues related to the preservation of sacred metallic sacred objects may also be included.
Preservation
Preventive preservation
Metal heirlooms are sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, air pollution and exposure to light and ultraviolet light. They must be protected in a controlled environment in which they are maintained in varying degrees of damage.
Preventive preservation, also known as collection treatments, is an essential element of museum policy. It is an important responsibility of members of the museum profession to create and maintain a protection environment for the collection in their care, whether in store, on display, or on the go. A museum must carefully monitor the condition of the collection to determine when an artifact requires conservation work and the services of a qualified conservator.
Interventional preservation
Clean
The most common procedure in metal conservation and recovery is the cleaning process. This process can be distinguished between mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, ultrasonic, plasma and laser cleaning. In principle, it aims to remove dirt and corrosion products from the surface of a metal object. In many cases, archeological objects can only be mechanically cleaned.
Merger structure
Intended to strengthen the physical structure of the object, and correct the shape of the object.
- Join technique - rivet/tab and slot/overlap/screw
- Solder - soft/hard
- Welding - oxyacetilene/electric arc/TIG/nail/laser/plasma
- Gluing/Cementing
- Reconstruction - in original material - in polymer - * 3D printing
Reconstruction of missing part or surface decoration
In certain cases, the metal conservator must recreate the missing parts of the object or restore the original surface decoration. This approach is accurate only if we have the right documentation or photo of the item in a complete state, right now we have nothing to return.
The new parts should be clearly marked and clear and at least they should be very different from the original historical material.
If required, the parts must be easily removed from the object, and with a method that will not harm it.
Only the cyanide or hexchromate free process should be used.
Only obsolete dots can be replicated.
Replacing all objects should be avoided.
Stabilization
Focuses on slowing the destruction of objects - in terms of archeological objects thorough removal or blocking of chloride salts. In the case of historic objects it is focused on the use of corrosion inhibitors, conversion coatings, rust converters or ultra-free oxygen storage.
- Chloride removal (chemical process, electrochemical process)
- Corrosion inhibitors (benzotriazole, tannins)
- Rust converter?
- Conversion layer (phosphate conversion coating, phosphate/tannin, etc.)
- Oxygen-free storage
Protective Layer
Still mainly focus on the use of clear coats and candles, in terms of oil coating technology the object can be used as well. In general support the stabilization process.
- Clear coat:
Paraloid B-72
acrylic resin is long-lasting and non-yellowing, ethyl methacrylate copolymer chemistry. This can be used for metal conservation. Soluble in acetone, toluene, xylene, Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, ArcosolvÃ,® PM/1-Methoxy-2-propanol.
Paraloid B 67
is an acrylic resin, chemically it is isobutyl methacrylate polymer. Soluble in toluene, xylene, acetone, Shell Cyclo SolÃ,® 100/Shell Cyclo SolÃ,® 53, ArcosolvÃ,® PM/1-Methoxy-2-propanol and mixed white spirit acetone (90 parts white spirit/10 parts acetone).
Paraloid B 44
is an acrylic resin, is chemically composed of methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate copolymer. Soluble in toluene, xylene, acetone. It is used for paint and clear coating for metals. This is the material in Incralac metal coating.
Paraloid B 48 N
is an acrylic resin, chemically is a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. This is used as a clear coat for metal - copper, brass, bronze, and zinc. Soluble in toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, and acetone
Incralac
is a special property coat for copper and its alloys. It is based on a 44 acryilic Paraloid B resin dissolved in toluene. It contains benzotriazole as a copper corrosion inhibitor as well.
Nitrocellulose lacquer
is a solvent-based liquefaction containing nitrocellulose, a resin obtained from cotton nitration and other cellulostic materials. Can be used on silver objects. Frigilene, Agateen No.27 and Perlitol RE 1260 are good brands.
ORMOCER
Organically modified ceramics, also known as ORMOCER (ORganically MOdified CERAMIC) is a type of coating used in metal conservation. ORMOCER was originally developed by the Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research in Munich. While still in the research phase, ORMOCER is essentially a clear heteropolysiloxane mantle.
Other used varnish or lacquer that will be useful for review:
Pantarol A (German product) - its use is mentioned in the German literature; according to the manufacturer it is a special acrylic coating for metal
Everbrite ProtectaClear Coating, Everbrite Coating (US product) - valuable for testing, by factory product easily removable from treated articles
Permalac (AS product)
- Lilin:
Lilin Renaissance
is a microcrystalline wax polish brand widely found in antique restorations and museum curations. Although not suitable for all materials, it is known and used by almost every collection. It is also used as the main finishing for cabinets and furniture. Renaissance waxes are also used by reenactors of historic swordsmanship to protect armor and weapons. It is widely recognized that this substance is more protective and more durable than oil, especially for swords and helmets that are often touched by human hands.
To cite a typical supplier of commercial preservation materials, used, to revive and protect precious furniture, leather, painting, metal, marble, onyx, ivory etc. Refreshing colors and implanting gentle sheen
Cosmolloid 80 H
is a fine white microcrystalline wax. It can be used on historical metal and archeology. Melting point 60-94 Â ° C. Soluble in benzol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, turpentine, petroleum distillate, and fixed oil; partially soluble in acetone, diacetone alcohol. The main ingredient in Renaissance Wax.
TeCero Wax 30410
is a German brand of microcrystalline wax.
Dinitrol 4010
is an exclusive product of long-term engine protection with heat resistance up to 200 Â ° C. It leaves a strong transparent film with short drying time and good adhesion and flexibility on all metal surfaces, rubber and plastic parts. Dinitrol 4010 is resistant to alkaline and acidic solutions. According to some research articles it can be used on metal inheritance objects as well
Kutub ES 91 009
is a patented wax emulsion (BASF), according to some sources better than Paraloid B 72
- Oil
-WD 40/Ballistol/80 parts white spirit 20 parts oil fish
- Combination
-base Paraloid B coat 72/topcoat Renaissance Wax etc.
Preservation of metal related materials
Precious and semi-precious stones
In principle do not use any solvent, but only distilled water, or 10% solution of soapwort plant ( Saponaria officinalis ). You should be very careful when working on porous gemstones such as malachite, opal, calcedon, chrysoprase, agate, carnelian, lapis lazuli, jade and turquoise. Special attention requires gemstones combined with colored metal foils, in this case, the liquid is not in contact with the foil. Do not use ultrasonic cleaning.
Enamel
Niello
Sparkling items can be cleaned only mechanically, never try to use a chemical cleaner. Black pigments mixed with Paraloid B 72 can be used for reconstruction of missing parts. Concentrated solutions Paraloid B 72 or B 67 (soluble in white spirits) can be used as a reversible glue.
Amber
Do not clean with solvent, do not use ultrasound, you can only use distilled water, or a mixture of water and ethanol (add up to 0.5% crosslinker). A variety of wax resin mixtures can be used as glue, depending on the color of amber. You can use 10% Canadian balsam solution in toluene. Archeological materials can only be mechanically cleaned. Immersion in liquid paraffin can be used to consolidate and improve the yellow color. According to one Korean article for consolidation can be used Paraloid B 67 is dissolved in xylene (proved to be more stable than white spirit, ordinary solvent for B 67) According to one American article as an ideal consolidation and adhesive can be used Regalrez 1126 Artifacts should be Protected from strong light and high temperature, low humidity and oscillations in moisture, in the case of metal/amber objects do not use corrosion inhibitors.
Oriental lacquer - urushi
Requires a completely different approach from western lacquers. Can be found in Japanese arm and armor. The best approach - leave it to the oriental lacquer expert. A mixture of 6-8% polyvinyl alcohol and lime can be used as a filler (Rhoplex WS 24 can be used as well). The Japanese conservator uses traditional techniques, but since Urushi causes an allergic reaction, this method is not recommended. Clean with aliphatic hydrocarbons such as white spirits or minerals. Distilled water or saliva (humidified cotton) can cause discoloration and should be avoided by inexperience: pH is essential. Store objects in the room with humidity and temperature controlled, preferably about 50% RH, and protect them from UV radiation.
Coral
Can be cleaned with cotton soaked in distilled water, or with a mixture of distilled water and ethanol. Do not use ultrasound. Avoid contact with acid.
Pearl
Historical objects can be cleaned using a 70% ethanol blend and 30% weak ammonia water (1%). To remove the surface layer that has lost the luster, you can use 3-5% EDTA, then rinse with distilled water, and then with 80% ethanol, then with 90% ethanol, and finally with pure ethanol. Do not use ultrasound. Archaeological finds should be treated as soon as possible, preferably after excavation, you can clean them only mechanically, then consolidated with 2% Paraloid B 72, in case of dry finding (first saturated with solvent in which it is dissolved), in case of wet or wet findings using Rhoplex WS 24 (acrylic dispersion). The Russian literature recently recommends the use of beeswax whitewashed which is dissolved in a white spirit or medical benzine as a protective coating. Fish glue mixed with water and alcohol (7/3), with the addition of 1% katamine AB as biocide can be used as glue. Nonionogenic detergent 2-3% in water and alcohol mixture can be used for cleaning. Avoid prolonged exposure to water, sudden temperature changes and relative humidity, including strong light or contact with acid or base solutions (soapy water as well).
Mother of pearl
Ivory, bone and horn
Tortoiseshell
Jet
You can clean it with cotton soaked in distilled water or soapwort extract ( Saponaria officinalis , 100 grams of dried root per 1 liter of boiling water). Archeological materials can only be mechanically cleaned. Mixed wax/resin or concentrated solution Paraloid B 72 (or B 67) may be used as a glue for archaeological objects.
Wood
Textile
Paper
Glass
Main article Preservation and restoration of glass objects
Ceramics and porcelain
Skin
Plastic
Candle
Plaster
Unclosed plaster can be cleaned only with a soft brush; never try to use water or water-based cleaning solutions. The sealed plaster can be cleaned with a cloth moistened with water or a white spirit.
Replication and Copies
- printing (process)
- transmissions
- electroforming
- 3D Printing
Storage of metal inheritance
en materiales metÃÆ'¡licos/intervention criteria for metal materials, Madrid 2015 (online)
- crack, e. Conservation Science makes a history of object restoration in Applied - A contribution to the history of the development of the science of conservation and restoration, Vienna 2012 .
(On line)
- Berger, D. Bronze Immersion Technique on Metal Objects North of the Alps, Hall 2012. (online)
- ?????? ? ? A A"??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ", Moscow 2011.
Important old books and articles
- Voss, A. Merkbuch, Digging and Keeping the old stuff. Guide to the procedure on excavation, as well as to preserve antiques before and beginning. Greg. at the instigation of the Minister of Art, Education and Medical Affairs. Berlin: Mittler and Sohn, 1888.
- Rathgen, F. "On a new application of electrical current for antique bronze preservation." Prometheus1 (1889): pp. 196-198.
- Rathgen, F. "About the Conservation of Antique Bronze." Dingler's Polytechnic Journal7 (1896): pp. 44-45.
- Rathgen, F. "On the Purification of Antioxidized Antique Copper Coins." Dingler's Polytechnic Journal7 (1896): p. 45-46.
- Rathgen, F. "Zapon and its use for the preservation of SammlungsgegenstÃÆ'¤nden (manuscripts, wax seals, GipsabgÃÆ'¼sse, stone and clay, glass, metal)." Prometheus 15 (1903/1904): pp. 485-487, 499-502.
- Rathgen, F. "About Preservation of the Ancient Metal Foundation." P, Mainz, 1904.
- Rhousopoloulos, O.A. "About cleaning and preserving antiques." Chemical Journal2 (1903): pp. 202-204.
- Berthelot, M. "Sur l'altà © ration lente des objets de cuivre, au de la terre et dans les musé © es." Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires SCA  © ances de l'ACADA  © noodles from Sciences118 (Paris, 1894): 768-770 pp.Ã, .
- Berthelot, M. "ÃÆ' â € ° tude sur les MA  © taux qui composent les objects de Cuivre de bronze, d'ÃÆ' © tain, d'or et d'argent, and © couverts par M. DeMorgan, dans les fouilles de Dahchour, or proven Musà © e de Gizeh. "Annales de Chimie et de Physique, series 7, 4 (1895): pp. 546-574.
- Berthelot, M. "RÃÆ' Â © action des chloride alcalins sur l'argent." Annales de Chimie et de Physique, series 7, 14 (1898): pp. 205-206.
- Berthelot, M. "Sur l'Alta  © ration equivalent of alliages MA  © talliques contenant du Cuivre, au simultaneous contact à © de l'air et des chlorures alcalins." Annales de Chimie et de Physique, series 7, 22 (1901): p. 457-460.
- Applegren, H. "Krefting Method for cleaning and preserving metal objects." Finska fnrnminnesfÃÆ'¶reningen's Tidskrift17 (1897): p. 333-347.
- Frazer, W. "Bronze Ulcerative Disease, or 'Cancroid Peranakan.'" Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquarians of Ireland (1898): p. 61-62.
- Setlick, B. "About the natural and artificial patina, as well as the cleaning and preservation of antiques." Chemist Gazette 27 (1903): p. 454-455.
- Flinders Petrie, W.M. "Treatment of Small Antiquities." Archaeological Journal 65 (1888): pp. 85-89.
- Rathgen, F. Conservation Antiquities, Berlin 1898 (chapter on metal preservation). (English online edition)
- Flinders Petrie, W.M. Method and Purpose in Archeology, London 1904 (chapter on conservation) (online)
- Rosenberg, G. Antiquità © en fer et en bronze: transformation of organic carbon and ether chloride and leur conservation, Copenhagen 1917.
- Scott, A. Cleanup and restoration of museum exhibits (report on investigations conducted at the British Museum, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research). London 1921.
- Scott, A. Cleanup and restoration of museum exhibition, 2d report. The British Museum, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. London 1923.
- Fink, C.G.; Eldridge, C.H. Recovery of ancient bronzes and alloys, New York 1925. (online)
- Galnbek, I.A. Ochistka i sokhranenie metallicheskikh predmetov drevnosti, Leningrad 1925 (first book dedicated to metals conservation/not only bronze and iron)
- Scott, A. Cleanup and restoration of museum exhibits, 3d reports. The British Museum, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. London 1926. (Russian edition online)
- Nichols, H.W. Ancient bronze recovery and malignant patina drugs. Chicago 1930. (online)
- Lucas, A. Antiques: Recovery and preservation of them. London 1932. (online)
- Plenderleith, H.J. Preservation of Antiquities, London 1934 (Chapter on metal preservation)
- Ocherki po metodike tehnologicheskog issledovaniya restavracii me konservacii drevnih metalicheskih izdeliy, Moscow 1935. (online)
- Farmakovskiy, M.V. Konservaciya i restavraciya muzeinih kollekciy, Moscow 1946 (chapter on metal preservation) (online)
- Plenderleith, H.J. Conservation of Antiquities and Artwork, London 1956 (chapter on metal preservation) (online)
- Mazanetz, G. Soil conservation and recovery found.
Bronze, Eisen, Gold, Silber, Blei, Zinn, Wien 1960.
- French-Lanord, A. La conservation des antiquites metalliques, Paris 1962.
- Pelikan.J.B.,? upr, V. Zaklady konzervace kovu v muzeich , Prague 1963.
- ????????? ??????? Not 13. - ?. 1964 (??????????????? No 13. - ?. 1964 (online))
Articles on metal preservation (gold, tin and lead, lead, zinc and aluminum)
Gold
- Martin, M.F.T. Technology and conservation of gold and silver in antique jewelry, University of London. Institute of Archeology, London 1965.
- Scott, D. A. 1983. Damage to the Golden Alloys and Some of their Conservation Aspects. Study in Conservation 28 (4): 194-203 (online)
- ANCER ARTISTRIC INTERPRETATIONS: GOLDEN GROUP CONSERVATION FROM THE FOURTH CENTURY B.C., JEFFREY P. MAISH (online)
- Hockey, M. 2001. Approach to Gold Conservation at the British Museum. In Metal 2001: Proceedings of ICOM Committee for Metal Conservation Working Group: ICOM, 263-269.
- Hamilton, D. Conservation of Gold and Gold Alloys (online)
- Sian Tiley-Nel, Hazel Botha: Conservation of Gold Collection Mapungubwe, South Africa (online)
- Ball? os Borrero, M.P.F.Ã,: "Orf? vrerie: recommandations pour sa conservation"
, Metal 95: Proceedings of the Metal Conservation International Conference, Semur-en-Auxois, 25-28 September 1995 = Metal 95: conference proceedings Equipped  © international conference on conservation MA  © rate, Semur-en-Auxois, 25 -28 September 1995
- Theile, Johanna MarÃa; et al: "AnÃÆ'¡lisis there conservaciÃÆ'³n Vasos los de oro del Museo Gustavo Le Paige ArqueolÃÆ'³gico San Pedro de Atacama, Metal 2001: proceedings of the international conservation conference of metals, Santiago, Chile, 2-6 April 2001
- ???????? ?.K. ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????, ?????????? ????????: ??????????, ???????????, ????????? ???? ??????????????????????????? 2012 <./li>
- Viegas Wesolowska, C. Conservation of Gems Bouquet, V & amp; A Conservation Journal
2006/54
Tin and tin
- H.J. Plenderleith, R.M. Organ, Decay and preservation
museum objects of tin, Study in Conservation 2 (1953) 63-72.
- C. Worth, D.H. Keith, On the Pewter plate treatment from
Carcass of La Belle, 1686, The International Journal of Nautical Archeology 26 (1) (1997) 65-74.
- Macleod, Ian D.; Wozniak, R. "Corrosion and conservation of tin and tin from seawater", Metal 95: Proceedings of the International Conference on Metal Conservation Semur-en-Auxois, 25-28 September 1995 = Metal 95: Actes de la Confà © rence of international conservation, des-des-Auxois, 25-28 septembre 1995
- Mottner, P.: Tin, Lead and Zinc Monuments, Materials Research, Recovery, Conservation,? lanak u Metallrestaurierung, Muenchen 1997. (online)
- Pewter care and conservation (online)
- The Decay and Conservation of Objects Museum (online)
- Vak, Bettina, "For the recovery of four pots of cans," wrote the State Museum of Vorarlberg. Series B: History of Art and Preservation, Bregenz 1988.
- Heller, Don B.; Fennimore, Donald L. "Recovery of the William Will pewter teapot," A paper print presented at the fifth annual meeting of AIC, Boston, Mass., May 30 - June 2, 1977
- Houska, I., Zapalkova, H.: RestaurovÃÆ'¡nÃÆ' cÃÆ'novÃÆ' Â © socha? skÃÆ' Â © vÃÆ'½zdoby
nÃÆ'¡hrobku olomouckÃÆ' Â © ho biskupa Leopolda Egkha z chrÃÆ'¡mu sv. Mo? Ice v Krom ?? ÃÆ'? I. In SbornÃÆ'k z konference konzervÃÆ'¡tor? a restaurÃÆ'¡tor ?. Brno 2004, s. 110-114.
Zinc
- Mottner, P.: DenkmÃÆ'¤ler aus Blei, Zinn und Zink, Materialforschung, Restaurierung, Conservierung ,? lanak u Metallrestaurierung, Muenchen 1997. (online)
- Mottner, P.; BrÃÆ'¼ckner, H.; Freitag, J.: "Conservation of zinc statues in outdoor exposure, Metal 95: Proceedings of the international conference on conservation of metals, Semur-en-Auxois, 25-28 September 1995 = Metal 95: actes de la confà © ence internationale sur He conservation des mÃÆ'Ã… © taux, Semur-en-Auxois, 25-28 septembre 1995
- Zinc - Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Care Notes Note 9/9 (online)
- CONSERVATION OF AMERICAN MEMORY DEVELOPMENT OF ZINC, CAROL A. GRISSOM, & amp; RONALD S. HARVEY (online)
- Zappala, Antonio, "Pulizia dai prodotti di corrosione delle matrici calcografiche
zinc ", KERMES, art and restoration technology, publisher Nardini, year III, 1990 - 8 - (18-26).
- Alonso, Mercedes; BorrÃÆ'³s Salvador and Esteve, Joan "MÃÆ' Â © todo para la
Recovery of chalcographic calcium plate with cold plasma technique "in Goya, art magazine, 283-284 (2001), 308-313.
- C. Cugat, Conservation of zinc calcographic plates, Barcelona, ​​â € <â € <1992,
Departament de Ciencia de Materials i Enginyeria MetalÃ, Â · lurgica. Universidad PolitÃÆ'Â © cnica de CataluÃÆ' Â ± a.
Lead
- Organ, R.M., (1953). The use of ion exchange resins in the trap of lead objects, Museum Journal, 53, 49-52.
- Lane, H., (1979). Some comparison of conservation methods of lead, including consolidation reduction. In SSCR (eds), Conservation and Recovery of Metals, 50-60. (Edinburg)
- Nosek, E.M., (1985). Investigation and conservation of major patents of the eleventh century, Studies in Conservation, 30, 19-22.
- Green, L., (1989). Re-evaluation of lead preservation techniques at the British Museum, Metal Conservation. In Jaro, M., Veszprem, (eds), p.Ã, 121.
- Mottner, P.: DenkmÃÆ'¤ler aus Blei, Zinn und Zink, Materialforschung, Restaurierung, Conservierung ,? lanak u Metallrestaurierung, Muenchen 1997. (online)
- Rustic Main Artefact Treatment AN OVERVIEW, Bart Schotte and Annemie Adriaens (online)
- Fontaine, C: Traitement localisÃÆ'  © des produits de corrosion du plomb d'une bulle papale attachà © à © e ÃÆ' son parchemin (online)
- CARRADICE, I. A., CAMPBELL, S. A. "Preservation of the lead comunion tokens
by potentialostatic reduction ", Studies in Conservation, 39, (1994), 100-105
- DEGRIGNY, C. Y LE GALL, R. "The conservation of ancient rustic artifacts at
organic acid environment: electrolytic stabilization/consolidation ", Studies in Conservation, 44, (1999), 157-169.
- INVESTIGACIÃÆ' â € Å"N SOBRE EL PROCESO DE ESTABILIZACIÃÆ'â € Å"N Y LIMPIEZA POR REDUCCIÃÆ' â € Å"N POTENCIOSTÃÆ' TICA DE UN PLOMO EPIGRÃÆ' FICO ROMANO - J.Barrio, E. Cano *, M. Arrroyo, A.I. Pardo, y J. ChamÃÆ'³n (online)
- Rocca, E., Rapin, C., Mirambet, F., (2004). Inhibition of treatment of artificial corrosion artifacts under atmospheric conditions and by acetic acid vapors: use of sodium dekanoate, Corrosion Sciences, 46,653-665.
Aluminum
- Timmons, Sharon, ed., "Aluminum," in Conservation and Conservation:
Principles and Practices, Proceedings of the International Regional Conference of North America, Williamsburg, Virginia and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 10-16 September, (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972) pp. 221-222.
- Stabilized damaged and corroded aluminum aircraft, by G.T. Bailey (online)
- ALUMINUM STORALED STABILIZATION, lan D. MacLeod (online)
- Degrigny, C., Stabilization de moteurs dâ € â„¢ 'avions immergÃÆ' Â © s, Studies at
Conservation, 40 (1995) 10-18
- Degrigny, C., Development of Cathodic stabilization treatment
vestiges aà © à © ronautiques immergÃÆ' © s en alliages d'aluminum, actes du colloque Sauvegarder le XXÃÆ'¨me siÃÆ'¨cleÃ,: la conservation des matÃÆ'  © riaux modernes, Ottawa 1991, Pub. ICC, (1993), 373-380
- Adams, C., Hallam, D. Ends on aluminum: conservation perspective, Symposium'91: saves the twentieth century; Ottawa 1993.
- Hallam, D.; Adams, C.D.; Bailey, G.; Heath, GA "Redefining electrochemical treatment of historic aluminum objects", Metal 95: Proceedings of an international conference on conservation of metals, Semur-en-Auxois, 25-28 September 1995 = Metal 95: actes de la confÃÆ' © ence internationale sur la conservation des mÃÆ'Ã… © taux, Semur-en-Auxois, 25-28 septembre 1995
- Larson, J., Laser cleaning of aluminum sculptures, articles in Conservation of modern sculpture, Tate Gallery Conference, London 1995.
- ?????????? ?.?. ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????, ?????????????? ???????? ????????, ????????????, ??????????. Not 5.?. ???????, 1979
- Sanz, I.C. Aluminio. Duraluminio: pathologas y posibles tratamientos de estabilizaciÃÆ'³n y restauraciÃÆ'³n, IV Congreso Latinoamericano
de ConservaciÃÆ'³n y RestauraciÃÆ'³n de Metal, Madrid, del 13 al 17 de septiembre de 2011
Online magazines
- BROMEC Bulletin Research on Metal Conservation
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