The Saw Mill River is a 23.5 mile (37.8 km) tributary of the Hudson River in Westchester County, New York, USA. The river flows from an anonymous pond north of Chappaqua to Getty Square in Yonkers, where it empties into the Hudson River as the southernmost tributary in the river. It is the only mainstream in south Westchester to flow into the Hudson, not Long Island Sound. It depletes an area of ​​26.5 square miles (69 km 2 ), most of which are highly developed suburbs. For 16 miles (26 km), it flows parallel to the Saw Mill River Parkway, a commuter artery, an association that has been said to give the river an "identity crisis."
The watershed was first occupied by the Netherlands and is home to Philipse Manor Hall, chair of Philipsburg Manor. The land was owned by Frederick Philipse I and the next generation until the family lost it at the end of the American Revolution. The land along the river is then divided into several cities. The industry in Yonkers thrived along Saw Mill, thereby contaminating the river at the end of the nineteenth century that a local poet called it "a yellow snake-like scudl". In the 1920s, the last half-mile (800 m) of the river flowed into tunnels and culverts beneath downtown Yonkers, a process partially reversed at the beginning of the 21st century when it became the first major New York waterway affected sunlight.
Today, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers the river the last 2.9 miles (4.7 km) as a broken water body. Plastics are usually found along the banks of rivers, and metals from industrial plants are found in water in high concentrations. Nevertheless, the river is home to species such as the American eel, which swims upstream to mature and swims back to the Hudson and the sea to breed.
Video Saw Mill River
Course Edit
The Saw Mill River rises from a 1.75-acre pond in a wooded area in New Castle town about 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Chappaqua, half a mile (800 m) west of Quaker Road State Route 120 (NY 120) and just south of Stony Hollow Road, at an altitude of 490 feet (150 m) above sea level. The tree is winding and winding through a cemetery, between hills, through residential areas in homes in many large forests in a direction generally southward. To the north of Marcourt Drive, the first crossing, confiscated to create another small pool. In this area it is often disbursed and seized as part of the landscape in many large housing areas. After crossing under Kipp Street, he turned east to cross under Quaker Road.
A small passage runs through the front yard of a large house in Quaker, south-east of the intersection, after which the river flows back under Quaker and behind the houses on the west side to another place of detention, the Chappaqua Duck Pond. From its outlets continue southeast between Quaker in the east and Douglas and Mill River roads west to the Saw Mill River Parkway. Right west of Chappaqua railway station, turn to the southwest to align the parking lane and Metro-North Railroad's Harlem as they both cross into the town of Mount Pleasant. At this point the river is at an altitude of 340 feet (100 m), losing 150 feet (46 m) from its source. Just south of the city line, he accepts Tertia Brook, the first tributary named, from the east.
A mile past the city line, the river and the eponymous road through the village of Pleasantville to the east. There the river crosses under the parkway to flow in the west, then across and recrosses on Pleasantville Road (State Route 117). Both turn south east and then return southwest across Graham Hills County Park, where he receives Nanny Hagen Brook from the east, before crossing back to the west of the parkway in the floodplain around the base of the hills as roads, rivers and trains pass through the hamlets, an unregistered hamlet in Thornwood, and Hawthorne, where Harlem Line turned south.
To the east of the Taconic State Parkway, the river again crosses under the Saw Mill Parkway, then Taconic. Shortly afterwards exit across Saw Mill River Road (State Routes 9A and 100) and several ramps for them from the intersection, then under the Saw Mill Parkway. The two turn south again, then southeast, following the eastern edge of Pocantico Hills, joining the west with the North County Trailway bike path, on the right side of New York and Putnam Railroad, known as "Old Place."
The river crosses under the parkway again to form the eastern edge of a nursery on Saw Mill River Road, then replicated as a river, bike path, parkway, and Saw Mill River Road all bent at the northwest corner of Eastview, where the Saw Mill drops below 200 feet (61 m), lost 100 feet (30 m) since Chappaqua. 41Ã, Â ° 4? 51? N 73Ã, Â ° 49? 44? W Here the North County Trailway becomes the South County Trailway. A turn to the southwest around Tarrytown Lake Park places a river on the outskirts of Elmsford. There he received the Brook Mine from the east.
The South County Trailway is disturbed, and continued in downtown Elmsford. 41 Â ° 3? 18? N 73Ã, Â ° 49? 14? W to the south of the Park Main Street (State Route 119) Roadway bridge continues uninterrupted, and three more draws close as they enter the town of Greenburgh and cut Cross Westchester Expressway (Interstate 287). north of the Rum Brook encounter. In the past that parkways, footpaths, and Saw Mill River all turned southwest, where they cut the New York State Thruway (Interstate 87) with oblique angles. For the next mile Thruway remains close to the river, and Saw Mill River Road, now just carrying NY 9A, returns to the corridor east of the Thruway as well.
The river then stretches to the west of V. Everit Macy Park. As part of the park's facilities, the Saw Mill River is invaded into Woodlands Lake, the largest shelter of Saw Mill River, used as a water supply by the local communities of Ardsley and Dobbs Ferry, whose northern village line is just south. The river stretched near the border between the two, as Thruway gradually veered southeast just past the Ashford Avenue bridge.
Continuing south-southwest, the river along with the parkway and the entrance to Hastings-on-Hudson, the green line was the only major breakthrough in the dense suburban development of the village. It slowly veers toward the more southerly, and enters the neighborhood of Nepera Park from Yonkers after a mile (1.6 km), just south of Farragut Parkway. Once in the neighborhood, the Saw Mill River flows through the Yonkers waste treatment plant, another river retaining. After leaving the factory, 1.5 miles (2 km) to the south where the river enters the Yonkers, parkways and trailways deviate from the river after 16 miles (26 km), to climb over the river boundary to Tibbetts Brook. Saw Mill River Road continues to align with its name.
Bending to the southwest again, Saw Mill flows across narrow channels through industrial and commercial areas. One mile south of the parkway, it flows through the middle of the Smith Carpet Mills site, where it eventually descends to a height of 100 feet (30 m). After crossing the Ashburton Avenue, the river turns for a while to the northwest below Nepperhan Avenue after crossing the Old Croton Aqueduct. It revolves around War Memorial Field, handing its remaining elevations as the Hudson River approaches.
River Saw Mill turns south again through the park. After passing the tower of a large residential project to the west, it was routed to an underground tunnel on Chicken Island, a triangle between Nepperhan and Palisade Road and School Road. At Van der Donck Park in downtown Yonkers, reappear as it flows past the post office. For the last hundred legs (30 m), it reentered the tunnel under the railway station and the Hudson Trail trail, after the culvert emptied it into the Hudson just south of Dock Street.
Maps Saw Mill River
Dasur Edit
The Saw Mill's 26.5-square-mile (69 km <2>) basin is bordered by hilly terrain from the center of Westchester County to the valley at an average of 1.4 miles (2.3 km) wide; The only wider place is the Brook Mine and the subwatersheds of Tarrytown Lakes and river mouths in downtown Yonkers. The highest elevation in the watershed is 710 feet (220 m), reaching two locations: the summit of Sarles Hill north of Pleasantville, and an unnamed land height of approximately 1,300 feet (370 m) southwest of Buttermilk Hill, west of Hawthorne.
From source to mouth, 10% of the basin is in New Castle, 42% in Mount Pleasant, 33% in Greenburgh, and 14% in Yonkers. 63% of the watershed consists of dense urban or less dense urban development, 34% forest, and 1% agriculture. The forest supporting the river and the South County Trailway is one of several significant open spaces in the southern I-287 region.
Around 110,000 people live in the Sungai Saw Mill watershed, in communities ranging from small villages to Yonkers, New York's fourth largest city. This is 12% of the total district, at 6% of the area. Density of the watershed population varies from 1,000 per square mile around the upstream in Chappaqua to 10,000 around the mouth. It averages 4,151 per square mile, twice the district and ten times the density for the country.
To the north, the Saw Mill watershed is bordered by the Gedney Brook and Kisco River basins, both flowing into the New Croton Reservoir on the Croton River, one of several large reservoirs in the watershed that are part of New York City's water. inventory system. In the northeast, adjacent river areas flow into Kensico Reservoirs, others that supply the city. Moving south, the next stream is the tributary of the Bronx River, then the Yonkers Plant Drill Basin and finally Tibbetts Brook. To the west of the narrow lanes between Saw Mill and Hudson are the Pocantico River and Sheldon Brook watershed at the northern end of the watershed, and the unnamed short stream in the south.
History Edit
Pre-colonial Edit
The Saw Mill River, later known as the Nepperhan River, acts as a boundary between Indian Manhattan and Weckquaesgeeks, a member of the Algonquian family who fills rivers and lakes with sticks and nets. The Manhatta occupied New York City on the north of the river, while Weckquaesgeeks occupied the mainland from the north to the Pocantico River. The main village of Manhattans, Nepperamack, is at the current Yonkers site where the Saw Mill River flows into the Hudson River. The Weckquaesgeeks settled on the Ferry Dobbs site today, and on the banks of the west bank of White Plains.
Colonial period Edit
In 1639, the Dutch West India Company acquired from the Manhattan region that would become the Yonkers. Seven years later, Dutch settlers Adriaen van der Donck were given some of this land, including the southern part of the Saw Mill River. The plantation is called Colen-Donck, for the "Donck colony", and Nepperhan is known as Colen-Donck's Kill, after the Dutch word for "flow". He built a sawmill and gristmill plant on the ground. After his death, his widow gradually sold the land.
In the 1670s, some of Donck's land was passed on to Frederick Philipse, who was rewarded with 90,000 acres (360 km 2 ), including the lower rivers, for expressing his loyalty to the new British ruler of New Holland. Philipse named Philipsborough Castle and ran it as a semi-feudal farm, hiring tenants to cultivate the land. Around 1682, he built the Philipse Manor Hall, a house along the Saw Mill River which is now a National Historic Landmark. When Philip died around 1702, the castle was divided between his son Adolph and the grandson of Frederick II. In 1750, his great-grandson Frederick III inherited the entire property and moved from a New York City townhouse to a noble hall, formerly used as a family summer home. Frederick sits in the Colonial Assembly, where he is a strong supporter of the British government who has given his family everything he has, but he is primarily interested in managing the land. He repaired the noble hall and worked to attract the peasants to the ground. The family is known for its relaxed approach to the tenants, and the farm is very profitable.
Only commercially navigable in its mouth, the Saw Mill River itself is useless as a way to bring crops to the market, limiting the settlement further upstream. However, the roots of contemporary communities along the river were built during the colonial era. In 1695, a land agent named Isaac See settled on the northern border of Philipse Manor, on a flat land between a bend in the river. Other farmers came to the area, and the settlement eventually became the village of Pleasantville today.
In 1704, the current area of ​​Elmsford is known as the Hurricane Bridge, after Abraham Storm, who founded the tavern at the intersection of the Saw Mill River and Tarrytown road (today's route 9A and 119) which is the center of the village today. In 1719, one of Philip's farmers, William Hammond, built his home on rented land in what is now Eastview, where his home still stands. Along the river in the north, his brother Staats Hammond built two factories along the river; the small settlement of Hammond's Mill became Hawthorne today.
Other settlers come upstream of the Saw Mill River from different directions. The Quakers had immigrated to Long Island since the previous century to escape from religious persecution in Britain; in the 1700s, "Shapequaw", north of Chappaqua hamlet, was founded. In the middle of the century, the community built their meeting house; and other buildings today are part of the Old Chappaqua Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
Revolutionary War Edit
As tensions increased between the colonists and the British in the early 1770s, Philip remained loyal to the crown. He was arrested in August 1776 and detained in Connecticut until a parole grant at the end of the year allowed him to return home as long as he did nothing to support the British war effort. He reneged on that promise the following spring: he tried, perhaps on the orders of his wife, to inform the British that a row of continental Army troops was heading south to attack an English camp in Morrisania, now in the Bronx. Shortly after that he fled to New York occupied by England; he would never return to his house along Saw Mill.
Communities along the Saw Mill played a small part in the Revolutionary War, especially after the Battle of the White Plains in October 1776. The losing continent retreated to the vicinity of Peekskill while the Englishman retreated to Kingsbridge in what is now the Bronx. No one wants to give up control over the Hudson Valley, which divides New England from other colonies. This left most of the unoccupied Westchester neutral land. However, Westchester is not demilitarized. Local militias and invading groups affiliated with both sides fought each other and terrorized other sympathizers and supporters. Many inhabitants of south Westchester leave their fields and drive their cattle into the valley towards Buttermilk Hill to protect them from Loyalist attacks. The Continentals build a fort near Hawthorne, where a small creek named Flykill Creek is dried to Saw Mill (roughly at the current Saw Mill intersection and Taconic streets), and builds the Yankee Dam to make the lake wide enough to slow the progress English. river. At Chappaqua, pacifists, Quakers, opened their meetinghouse as a hospital for injured Continental Army soldiers. Storm Tavern is a gathering place for Continental officers and, later, their French counterparts.
As one of several routes to Westchester center of the hills, rivers and associated streets see frequent battles. In November 1777, three young men with Patriot sympathies were walking by a river that crossed on Dobbs Ferry Road (now Ashford Avenue) when they found a group of horsemen affiliated with the Kipp Regiment, one of the most feared Loyalist militia in the region. The young men mocked their rivals, who beat them so badly that two people later died. Survivors were awarded a pension, believed to be the first in US history, by the Continental Congress.
Later that month, Emmerich's Chasseurs, the Loyalist militia and Hessian mercenaries, carried out a midnight attack on the Storm's Bridge. Hoping to capture the Storm and his cousin Van Tassels, all active in the local Patriot militia, Chasseurs settled to burn and loot the house and Storm store. Continuing to the houses of Van Tassel, they trapped Cornelius Van Tassel Jr., one of the cousin's teenage sons. When Chasseurs burned houses, he hid in the roof, then jumped, fending off some suspected thieves, and escaped into the cold waters of nearby Saw Mill. He got away, but soon died of hypothermia.
River Saw Mill and its adjacent territory provide some tactical advantages for those who know it. One battle began when a Patriot militia, Jake Acker, was hunting in the eastern flood plains of Elmsford. Spying on a large group of British soldiers and Loyalist supporters on the road to Storm's shop, Acker started shooting them from his concealment. He fatally injures one, changes his position in the middle of the distraction, fills his rifle, and kills the other. Hearing shots, other local Patriots came to Acker's help, and eventually all but one of the larger forces were killed or captured.
Some senior officers of the Continental Army spent time in the Saw Mill River valley. George Washington is said to have mentioned "wading over Nepperhan in the elm tree", referring to a wide tree that no longer exists; a century later, residents named their village after the statement. He left the meeting at Hammond House in Eastview just before the Loyalists gathered there; his host, Colonel James Hammond, commander of the Westchester militia, was arrested and imprisoned for the rest of the war. On the English side, Major John AndrÃÆ'Â| spent his last night before his arrest, with documents exposing the betrayal of Benedict Arnold, at the Rookery inn in Hawthorne.
Later in the war, the Young and Four Corners farmhouse was the site of the largest military involvement near the river. In 1780, the Continentals operated much more freely around North Westchester, though they had to keep moving to avoid attacks. In January, a company of about 250 soldiers from Massachusetts stayed long enough at the Four Corners for local Loyalists to tell Britain, which boosted the strength of about 100 cavalry and 400 to 500 infantry at Fort Washington, today in the northern tip of Manhattan. The troops marched to Yonkers and boarded Saw Mill overnight, arriving at Four Corners the next morning. A greater number of the continents are fiercely resistant, aided by the cold and heavy snow layers and the fatigue of their opponents, but most are eventually killed or imprisoned. Britain and their Loyalist and Hessian allies celebrate by burning Young's house; The continental nations retreated north of the Croton River for the rest of the war.
In 1779, the New York State Legislature passed a loot law that confiscated the property of British officials and leading Loyalists, including Philipse. The soil, including land in the Sungai Saw Mill River Basin, is then distributed to tenant farmers. In 1788, the state was divided into three cities of Greenburgh, where the entire eastern part of the channel had been found. The towns of Yonkers and Mount Pleasant are joined by Greenburgh, all within their current limits. In 1790, a group of settlers organized the Greenburgh Presbyterian Church, and three years later built a church at Storm's Bridge. (Today, Rems Elmsford Reformed Church is listed in the National, the oldest building in the village, the oldest church in use in Westchester County.)
1800 and 1900 Edit
Most of the Yonkers economics of the early 19th century came from Saw Mill River. In 1813, there was a small dock slightly upstream from the mouth where small vessels carrying incoming river trade. Five small factories are along the river above the village, all with their own dam, a small milling pond, and a nearby tenement for workers. The postal route on Jalan Pos stopped at an inn near the bridge; some shops exist to supply the workers there and in the factory. Several grasslands and orchards existed, but the rocky ground prevented most of the effort to farm. (A historian later wrote that at that time it was said that "the great stone sequence is continuous so that one might have stepped from Getty Square to Glenwood at this time without putting his feet on the ground.") Among the rocky ground and Wells' general refusal to sell or rented most of the land, there were so few settlers in Yonkers that two school buildings built during the Revolution fell into a severe neglect due to lack of students.
The manor house and the surrounding land at the mouth of the river which is now the center of town passed through several owners until 1813, when New York trader Lemuel Wells bought 320 acres (130 ha) around the noble house. Wells does not share or develop the property, although he is widely painted the basis of noble houses. In 1831, Wells built a long dock into the Hudson just above the mouth of Saw Mill for a steam service that had been established between New York and Albany. Otherwise, the property remained largely unchanged until his death in 1842.
The property map from the time of the purchase of Wells and his death showed Saw Mill's mouth widened to a small estuary before reaching Hudson. The southern bank of the river in the mouth has a cliff as high as 40 feet (12 m). The only construction that directly affects the river is the bridge that carries the Albany Post Road, the Riverdale and Warburton lines today, part of Route 9 US and Route 9A, above the river.
Wells survived the death of his first wife and four brothers; she also had no children, leaving her without a clear heir. Its plantations are further compounded by its lack of will. Thus, under New York law at that time, his share was divided among his widow, fifteen nephews and one big niece. They decided to divide and sell the property, and within a few years more buildings had gone up, just in time for the construction of the Hudson River Railway in 1848, which laid its path on the highway just across the river's mouth. Over the next few decades, when the population of Yonkers grew rapidly, it led him to join as a village and then, in 1872, a town, the remains of the estuary were filled and narrowed and the cliffs on its southern side were judged from its existence..
In the next decade of the 19th century, the industry grew along the bottom of the river. So much pollution was thrown into the river from the factories beside it so a local poet deplored the decline of Saw Mill in a poem of 1891:
' It's now, at the foot of the scattered Yonkers,
Flow with the full smells of sins ;
Her breasts
A crocodile yellow piece like a snake.
To let the river fill itself, most of the dam that had been erased was erased in 1893. Ten years later it had recovered somewhat, and people again used it to drink water and swim.
At the end of the 19th century, New York and Putnam Railroad were built along the Saw Mill River from Putnam County to central Yonkers, and then to Tibbets Creek and Harlem River. Various parts of the lane were operated until the 1940s and 1980s. The main railway line is now devoted to bike lanes and pedestrians. They are the South County Trailway on the southern part of Route 119, and the North County Trailway north of 119.
To satisfy the thirst of its growing population, which had reached nearly 100,000 by 1915, Yonkers tapped Saw Mill. Water from a two mile (3.2 km) shelter north of the city center is held in two dams and two water towers. It was purified by slow filtration through the sand and then chlorinated. In 1919, the city attracted an average of 10.6 million gallons (40,000 m 3 ) a day from the river through this system.
Nevertheless, river pollution continues, reversing previous recovery. In a 1920 report on state-wide public water supply conditions, the New York Department of Health said "sanitary conditions in the Saw Mill basin are highly unsatisfactory," although many rules and regulations have been applied to protect rivers in Yonkers. The city's public works department itself has recorded dozens of violations for the previous year, most of them continuing from previous years. "There are so many prima donna and septic tanks located on the edge of Saw Mill and its tributaries and there is also a drainage of poultry yard, barns and ducts," the department said.
Rather than enforcing stricter breaking rules and cleaning up the river, the city chooses to cover it completely. Between 1917 and 1922, the last 2,000 feet (610 m) of the river, including a small canyon, was buried in a flume beneath the Getty Square neighborhood, attempts to stop frequent river floods and unclean water quarantine, and open up some space for more development continue. In the same decade, county park commissions proposed the Saw Mill River Parkway along the river, just in 1922 the River Parkway Bronx followed the Bronx River, and added sewer along the river to prevent contamination of the Yonkers water supply. Construction began in 1929 and continued throughout the Great Depression. In 1940, the parkway had reached the headwaters of Chappaqua, where World War II halted its temporary construction. In 1954, it was completed. The construction of the parkway, along with the New York State Highway in the last decade, requires adjustment of several river routes in some areas.
The Westchester postwar development led to more storm runoff, which often flooded and closed parkways. In 1958, engineers insisted that the river be cleared to reduce the flood. However, illegal dumping and abundance continues. For example, storm runoff gave Yonkers heavy concentrations of heavy metals, PCBs, and other chemicals in rivers, according to river research in 1983, the year when the city stopped using Saw Mill as its main water source. A decade later, the sediments at Saw Mill have the highest metal concentrations in water quality assessment programs throughout the United States Geological Survey.
2000s Edit
New pollution types entered Saw Mill low in 2003 when the Yonkers sugar refinery spilled hydrochloric acid into the river. Westchester District Attorney Jeanine Pirro filed criminal charges against the environment against Sugar Refinery America, the factory owner, who was forced to pay a $ 20,000 fine; contributed $ 100,000 to Riverkeeper, a regional environmental organization focused on Hudson and its tributaries; and deliver a ton (800 kg) of sugar to Westchester Food-PATCH, a local nonprofit that supplies food to other nonprofits. Riverkeeper passes the money it receives along with the Saw Mill River Coalition for local projects at Yonkers.
In 2008, Groundwork Hudson Valley, coordinator of the Saw Mill River Coalition, received the Environmental Protection Agency worth US $ 889,183 Target. One of the 15 recipients from the national pool of more than 100 applicants, the group cleared the garbage, eliminated the invasive species, and planted native trees along the river. This group also marks the channel of the storm that flows into the river. On 25-26 September 2009, the Saw Mill River Coalition organized BioBlitz to categorize plant life species, animal life, insects, fungi, and bacteria in rivers and streams. The coalition is also looking to restore wetlands along the river to reduce flooding.
The cultivation of Saw Mill Parkway continues; by 2013, a 900-foot (270 m) stretch in Pleasantville is raised by three inches to reduce flooding from rivers.
Recreation Edit
The river gives some open space left in Westchester County. Close to Ardsley and Dobbs Ferry, the river passes V. E. Macy Park, which is popular for picnics and fishing at Woodlands Lake. Butternut Ridge Park contains Lake Tarrytown and hiking trails.
Two bike trails run along the river: the North County Trailway and the South County Trailway, run from Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx to Putnam County.
The Saw Mill is also known as the closest trout river to New York City. In the early 2000s, it was filled with several hundred trout each year. The special down stream is a nice trout river.
Hydrology Edit
The USGS maintains the flow meter in the Saw Mill just above the mouth of the river in Yonkers. It means that the discharge since 1944 has 32 cubic feet (0.91 m3) per second, with an extreme 1,840 cubic feet (52 m3 ) during nor'easter April 2007 and 0 , 11 cubic feet (3,100 cm 3 ). The average annual rainfall in the watershed is 46.2 inches (1.170 mm).
The water quality of the Saw Mill River varies, reflecting the history and surroundings. Upstream in the city of New Castle is considered "relatively healthy". There the river is less disturbed, and its ecosystem supports the diversity of organisms. In Yonkers, where it flows through a concrete-lined channel, there is less life in the water and is considered to be damaged the environment. A 1983 United States Geological Survey (USGS) study found that the concentration of heavy metals in water increased further downstream, a phenomenon observed with many other pollutants in the river and correlated with urbanization around and above its mouth. DDT is detected in streambed sediments across the river. In the last 6 miles (9.7 km), more than 50 microgram PCBs are found per kilogram of water. In the 1990s, the USGS found that of 35 Hudson tributaries tested, Saw Mill had the worst levels of cadmium, copper, mercury, nickel and zinc in the sediments near its mouth, and among the worst in the world (however, only river manganese levels are found to exceed federal standards). It is believed to add more pollution to the Hudson than any other creek.
Unusually for the river, Saw Mill water has consistently had a slightly alkaline pH, suggesting it has not been affected by acid rain like the other Hudson creeks. In 1951, a State Health Department survey reported a pH of between 7.25 and 9.1. Four decades later, another study found the pH reading increased from 7.59 in Chappaqua to 8.24 in Yonkers. Similarly, a 2007 Manhattan College study conducted for the New York State Water Resources Institute found a median low of 7.36 in Chappaqua and a median high of 7.81 near Torre Road in Yonkers, with a decrease to 7.67 in the tunnel, with a median total for river 7.59. The lowest pH record in the year-round study was 7.1 in Chappaqua with the highest reading, 8.17, at Torre Road. All results are between 6.5 â € <â € The 1983 USGS study also classifies the water quality of the entire river. The 14.5 km (23.3 km) distance from the Chappaqua river source is classified according to any purpose other than drinking. The next 6.0 miles (9.7 km) are classified as safe to drink. The last 3.0 miles (4.8 km) from the river from the sewage treatment plant to the Hudson is determined to be unsafe for drinking, bathing or fish entry. Water is only safe for agricultural and industrial use. In a regulation adopted in 1985 and amended in 2008, the New York Department of Environmental Conservation divides rivers into four water quality areas similar to those in the 1983 USGS study. The first 1,100 feet (340 m) from the mouth of the Saw Mill influenced by the Hudson tidal and therefore often salty like the river at that time. This surface water is considered as Class B surface water, to remain suitable for primary and secondary contact leisure such as swimming, boating and fishing, and capable of supporting "fish, shellfish and wildlife propagation and survival." The next section extends to tailwater in Yonkers sewage plant breeding, and Class C clean water, with the same purpose, as far as "other factors" do not limit them. From there to the bay of Woodlands Lake is the third section, defined as Class A fresh water, to be clean enough to drink. The remainder of the source is the fourth part, designated Class B, or fresh water stored to the same standard as salt water above the mouth of the river. The creeks, named and unnamed, and the tributaries are generally held to the same standard as the part where they drain the water. A 1991 study by Irene Gruenfeld, a Williams College scholar, measured various pollutants at eight points along the river, from just below the duck pond at Chappaqua into the tunnel at Yonkers. The rate increases when a river flows, indicating that most pollutants, especially dissolved salts, come from urban runoff rather than single point sources. The exception is the PCB, which increased dramatically south of Elmsford (a finding that agrees with previous studies) and then duplicated in Yonkers. The study notes that this suggests a point source, possibly a known burial site for the capacitors used in the Elmsford area, but Gruenfeld believes that cleansing this and other possible point sources will not eliminate PCBs in the river. While PCBs in rivers are found to be somewhat biodegradable, chlordane levels are high enough that the DEC recommends eating no more than half a pound (230 grams) of fish or eels from Saw Mill per month. A 2004-05 EPA study of rivers rated water quality 6 out of 100. The study also found that dissolved oxygen levels in the water are low because there are some organisms, poor sediments, and less plant life in the river. Although the water storm from the settlement adds dissolved oxygen, it also carries the ammonia from the fertilizer. The Army Corps of Engineers found that channeling prevents aquatic life from defending itself; some fish naturally lay their eggs in the river because of cement and flume casing in their mouths. Two years later, a joint study by Manhattan College and the New York State Water Resources Institute found high levels of human fecal bacteria in the water, possibly because of municipal wastewater. All 12 sites exceeded the country's maximum monthly median of 200 organisms per 100 milliliters (ml) over five months. The level, like most other polluters in the river, is generally highest near the mouth. However, the top sampling sites in this study, at Chappaqua Metro-North station recorded the largest single reading of any site, 1.2 ÃÆ'â € "10 5 organisms per 100 ml, as well as the second highest; the researchers speculate that this is because the drainage overflows in the area at the time of the reading. Most high coliform readings occur after rain except at the two farthest sites downstream; This study theorizes that some of the old buildings in this Yonkers area may still throw dirt directly into the river. Since most of the Saw Mill River flows under the shade of the forest canopy, the bacteria may be less active by sunlight than in other rivers. The banks of the river in Yonkers are often coated with tires, shopping carts, plastic bottles, and other rubbish. In 2008, DEC found waste and pollution from the river mouth to the end of the tunnel. "Urban rejection (tires, bottles, cans, etc.) overlays most of the lower rivers," he reported. "Slicks of oil/gasoline are regularly observed along this segment." Stretching further upstream is a bit better. Between the end of the tunnel and Lake Woodlands, the river is still found disturbed for recreation, drinking and aquatic life, but less scattered, and overall the habitat is just stress. Above that point, Saw Mill water is only emphasized for aquatic and recreational life, with only the consumption of fish considered to be disturbed. DEC does not know the source of pollutants in this expanse and calls for further research. "
Geology Edit
The Saw Mill Basin is part of Manhattan Hills in the highland physiographic region of New England. It is mainly based on metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist and marble. They can be seen in several bedrocks in and around the river.
The land on the river and its basin reflects the glaciers in the area. Glacier covering most of the riverbed upstream. Further downstream there are stratified drifts and alluvium in the sediments.
Flora and fauna Edit
The American eel lives on the River Saw Mill and its tributaries. Generally born in the Atlantic Ocean, maneuver the eel through the river tunnel under the Yonkers before reaching a more natural part of the river farther upstream. Eels also scale the 20-foot (6.1 m) dam before reaching Woodlands Lake. Growing up to 5 feet (1.5 m) in the upper reaches, eels back into the sea through the Hudson River to spawn. Installations planned for fishing nets along daytime sections of the river will prevent eels from leaving the river to reproduce.
More fish are found in the part of the river that has just been lit by the sun. The blacknose baby east dace and tessellated darter have been found in rivers other than trout. In addition, wooden frogs, eastern painting turtles, and redbreast sunfish live on the river as well. All of these species have been disadvantaged by the industrialization of rivers.
Around 10 to 20 white-tailed deer per square mile (2.6 to 5.2 deer per square kilometer) live along rivers and parks, more than ecosystems can carry. They feed on plants, shrubs and low tree seedlings, reducing the supply of food for smaller animals. Deer also collide with cars - in Hastings, about 1.6 times per month.
Beavers can also be found along the river, building small dams along the river. Birds of cranes, ducks, and other birds also exist along the river.
Many invasive plants live along the Saw Mill River. Porcelain berries are grapes with white fruit that wrap the original tree and strangle it. The bitter Oriental is also present along the river, and slowly replaces the bitter American native. Oriental Bitterweet can also form a hybrid with the original bitter and make the identification even harder. Japanese honeysuckle and Japanese knotweed are two other invasive vines originating from Asia. In addition, the purple loosestrife, a perennial herb with a magenta flower stalk, is also present along the river.
The original tree on the river includes pin oak and sumac staghorn. These trees are found along Woodlands Lake, but can be found throughout the Hudson Valley. Other native plants include evening primrose, invasive species in Europe, and wild lettuce.
See also Edit
- New York River list
References Edit
External links Edit
- Report on the natural light of the Saw Mill River by the US Environmental Protection Agency
- The river path in OpenStreetMap
- See the history of the Mill River River Coalition
- Hudson Valley runway
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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