An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing a volatile (defined as "the tendency of a substance to vaporize") the aroma compound from the plant. Essential oils are also known as essential oil , fine oil , aetherolea , or just as plant oil from which they are extracted , such as clove oil. Oil is "essential" in the sense it contains the "essence of" the smell of the plant - the distinctive aroma of the plant from which it originated. The important terms used here do not necessarily mean that such essential amino acids or essential fatty acids are so called because they are naturally required by living organisms given. Unlike fatty oils, essential oils evaporate completely without leaving stains (residue) when applied to filter paper.
Essential oils are generally extracted with distillation, often by steam. Other processes include expression, solvent extraction, absolute oil extraction, resin tapping, wax attachment, and cold pressing. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps and other products, for food and beverage additives, and for adding aromas to incense and household cleaning products.
Essential oils are often used for aromatherapy, an alternative form of treatment where the healing effects are thought to be derived from aromatic compounds. Aromatherapy may be useful for inducing relaxation, but there is insufficient evidence that essential oils can effectively treat any condition. The use of inappropriate essential oils can cause hazards including allergic reactions and skin irritation, and children may be particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of improper use.
Video Essential oil
Histori
Essential oils have been used in traditional medicine throughout history. The earliest mention of techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to have originated from Ibn al-Baitar (1188-1248), a physician, pharmacist and chemist Al-Andalusian (Muslim-controlled Spanish).
Instead of referring to the essential oil itself, modern work usually discusses a special chemical compound made up of essential oils. For example: methyl salicylate rather than "wintergreen oil".
Interest in essential oils has been revived in recent decades with the popularity of aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine that uses essential oils and other aromatic compounds. The oil is evaporated, diluted in a carrier oil and used in massage, dispersed in the air by a nebulizer, heated over a candle flame, or burned as incense.
The medical applications proposed by those who sell medicinal oils vary from skin care to treatment to cancer and are often based solely on historical records of the use of essential oils for this purpose. Claims for the efficacy of medical care, and cancer care in particular, are now subject to regulations in most countries.
Maps Essential oil
Production
Distillation
The most common essential oils such as lavender, peppermint, tea tree oil, patchouli, and eucalyptus are distilled. Raw plant materials, consisting of flowers, leaves, wood, bark, roots, seeds, or leather, are inserted into the alembic (distillation apparatus) on the water. When water is heated, steam passes through plant material, vaporizing volatile compounds. Steam flows through the coil, where they condense back into a liquid, which is then collected in the receiving vessel.
Most of the oil is distilled in one process. One exception is ylang-ylang ( Cananga odorata ) purified by fractional distillation.
The reconditioned water is referred to as hydrosol, hydrolysis, herbal distillate, or water plant juice, which can be sold as other fragrance products. Hydrosols include rose water, lavender water, lemon balm, clary sage, and orange flower water. The use of herbal distillate in cosmetics is increasing.
Expression
Most orange peel oils are mechanically or coldly expressed (similar to olive oil extraction). Due to the relatively large amount of oil in orange peel and the low cost of growing and harvesting raw materials, citrus fruits are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet lemon oil is obtained as a by-product of the citrus industry.
Prior to the discovery of distillation, all essential oils were extracted by pressing.
Solvent extraction
Most flowers contain too few essential oils for expression, but their chemical components are too fine and readily denatured by the high heat used in steam distillation. In contrast, solvents such as hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide are used to extract oil. Extracts from hexane and other hydrophobic solvents are called concrete , which is a mixture of essential oils, waxes, resins, and other lipophilic plant materials (soluble oils).
Although very fragrant, the concrete contains large amounts of wax and unsanitary resins. Often, other solvents, such as ethyl alcohol, are used to extract perfume from concrete. The alcohol solution is cooled to -18 Â ° C (0 Â ° F) for over 48 hours which causes the night and lipids to radiate out. The precipitate is then filtered and ethanol is removed from the remaining solution by evaporation, vacuum cleaning, or both, leaving absolute .
Supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent in supercritical fluid extraction. This method can avoid petrochemical residues in the product and the loss of some top notes when steam distillation is used. It does not produce absolute directly. The supercritical carbon dioxide will extract the wax and the essential oils that make up the concrete. The subsequent process with liquid carbon dioxide, achieved in the same extractor by simply lowering the extraction temperature, will separate the wax from the essential oil. This lower temperature process prevents decomposition and denaturation of compounds. When the extraction is complete, the pressure is reduced to ambient and carbon dioxide switches to the gas, leaving no residue.
Florasols Extraction
Florasol is another solvent used to obtain essential oils. It was originally developed as a refrigerant to replace Freon. Although Florasol is an "ozone-friendly" product, it has a high global warming potential (GWP; 100-yr GWP = 1430). The EU has banned its use, with a termination process beginning in 2011, to be completed by 2017. One of the advantages of Florasol is that the extraction of essential oils occurs at or below room temperature so degradation via extreme high temperatures does not occur. Essential oils are mostly pure and contain little or no foreign substance.
Total production
Estimated total production of essential oils is difficult to obtain. One estimate, compiled from data in 1989, 1990, and 1994 from various sources, gives the following total production, in tons, of essential oils of more than 1,000 tons produced.
Pharmacology and medical use
Examples of medicinal value of essential oils are thymol, an isomer with carvacrol and found in general spice thyme oil. Thymol is part of a class of natural compounds known as biocides, with strong antimicrobial attributes when used alone or with other biocides such as carvacrol. There is no definitive study that proves the use of essential oils as medically beneficial or useful.
Taken, many essential oils can be harmful in high concentrations. Typical effects begin with a burning feeling, followed by saliva. In the stomach, the effect is carminative, calms the gastric sphincter and promotes eructation (burping). Further down the intestine, the effect is usually antispasmodic. Typical ingredients for such applications include eucalyptus oil, menthol, capsaicin, aniseed, and camphor.
Different essential oils may have drastically different pharmacologies. Some act as local anesthetic counterparts and, thus, exert an antitussive effect.
Some essential oils, such as juniper and agathosma, are valued for their diuretic effects. With relatively recent concerns about overuse of antibacterial agents, many essential oils have seen a revival in off-label use for these traits and are being examined for these clinical uses.
Many essential oils affect the skin and mucous membranes in valuable or dangerous ways. Many essential oils, especially tea tree oil, can cause contact dermatitis. They are used in antiseptics and liniments in particular. Usually, they produce rubefacient irritation on the first numbness and then counterirritant. Turpentine and camphor oils are two typical examples of oils that cause these effects. Menthol and some others produce a cold feeling followed by a burning sensation. This is due to its effect on the hot sensing nerve endings. Some essential oils, such as clove oil or eugenol, are popular for hundreds of years in dentistry as an antiseptic and local anesthetic.
Use in aromatherapy
Aromatherapy is an alternative form of treatment in which the healing effect is thought to be derived from aromatic compounds in essential oils and other plant extracts. Aromatherapy may be useful for inducing relaxation, but there is insufficient evidence that essential oils can effectively treat any condition. Essential oils should not be interpreted as drugs for chronic diseases, or other diseases, because scientific research does not support this. Much research on the use of essential oils for health purposes has a serious methodological error. In a systemic review of 201 studies published on essential oils as alternative drugs, only 10 were found to have acceptable methodological quality, and even these are still weak in reference to scientific standards. Use of essential oils may cause hazards including allergic reactions and skin irritations; there is at least one case of death. Thus, the use of essential oils as alternative medicine should be approached with caution.
Use as pesticide
Research has shown that essential oils have potential as natural pesticides. In the case study, certain oils have been shown to have a variety of deterring effects on pests, particularly the preferred insects and arthropods. These effects may include repelling, inhibiting digestion, inhibiting growth, decreasing the rate of reproduction, or the death of pests that consume oil. However, the molecules in the oil that cause this effect are usually non-toxic to mammals. The specific action of this molecule allows the use of these green pesticides widely without harmful effects other than pests. Essential oils that have been studied include roses, lemongrass, lavender, thyme, peppermint, and eucalyptus.
Although they may not be the perfect substitute for all synthetic pesticides, essential oils have prospects for indoor plant or crop protection, urban pest control, and marketed insect repellants, such as insect sprays. Certain essential oils have been shown in the study to be comparable, if not more than, to the effectiveness of DEET, which is currently marketed as the most effective mosquito repellent. Although essential oils are effective as pesticides when first used in use such as mosquito repellent applied to the skin, it is only effective in the steam stage. Because this stage is relatively short-lived, cream and polymer blends are used to extend the vapor period from an effective repellency.
In any form, using essential oils as green pesticides rather than synthetic pesticides has ecological benefits such as decreased residual action. In addition, the increased use of essential oils as pest control can not only be ecological, but the economic benefits as diversified essential oil markets and popularity are increasing among organic farmers and environmentally conscious consumers.
Dilution
Essential oils are usually lipophilic (literally: "oil-loving" ) compounds that usually can not be mixed with water. They can be diluted in solvents such as pure ethanol and polyethylene glycol. The most common way to dilute essential oils safely for topical use is in carrier oil. It can be any vegetable oil available, the most popular for skin care is jojoba, coconut, wheat germ, olive and avocado.
Raw materials
Essential oil comes from the plant part. Some plants, such as bitter oranges, are the source of some essential oils.
Peruvian Balsam
Peruvian Balsam, an essential oil derived from Myroxylon , is used in foods and beverages for flavorings, perfumes and toiletries for fragrances, and in pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical goods for healing properties. However, a number of national and international surveys have identified Peruvian Balsam as being in the "top five" allergens that most commonly cause patch allergic reaction patches in people referred to dermatology clinics.
Garlic oil
Garlic oil is an essential oil derived from garlic.
Eucalyptus oil
Most eucalyptus oils on the market are produced from Eucalyptus globulus leaf . Refined eucalyptus oil is used throughout Asia, Africa, Latin America and South America as the main cleaning/disinfectant agent added to submerged mop and table cleaning solution; it also has insect and limited pest insulation properties. Note, however, there are hundreds of species of eucalyptus, and perhaps several dozen are used for various areas as a source of essential oils. Not only are products of different species very different in characteristics and effects, but also the products of the same tree can vary greatly.
lavender oil
Lavender oil has long been used in the production of perfumes. However, it can be estrogenic and antiandrogenic, causing problems for preteen and pregnant girls, in particular. Lavender essential oil is also used as a mosquito coil.
Rose oil
Rose oil is produced from the calyx of Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia . The steam-distilled rose oil is known as the "rose otto", while the solvent-extracted product is known as the "absolute rose".
Dangers
The potential hazards of essential oils are sometimes relative to their level or purity level, and are sometimes related to the toxicity of specific chemical components of the oil. Many essential oils are specially designed for their therapeutic-aroma quality; These essential oils generally should not be applied directly to the skin in a pure or "neat" form. Some can cause severe irritation, provoke an allergic reaction and, over time, prove to be hepatotoxic.
Some essential oils, including many of orange peel oils, are photosensitizers, increasing skin susceptibility to sunlight.
The users of industrial essential oils should consult the safety data sheet (SDS) to determine the hazards and requirements of certain oil handling. Even certain therapeutic grade oils may pose a potential threat to individuals with epilepsy or pregnant women.
The use of essential oils in children can pose a danger when abused because of thin skin and an immature liver. This may cause them to be more vulnerable to toxic effects than to adults
Flammability
The flame of each essential oil is different. Many common essential oils, such as tea trees, lavender, and orange oil, are classified as Class 3 Flammable Liquids, as they have a flash point of 50-60 ° C.
Gynecomastia
The estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity has been reported by the in vitro study of tea tree oil and lavender essential oil. Case reports show that oil may be involved in some cases of gynecomastia, abnormal breast tissue growth in preteen boys. The European Commission's Commission on Consumer Safety rejected the claim as unreasonable in 2008. However, by 2018, a study led by J. Tyler Ramsey of the American Institute of Environmental Health Sciences found that this oil contains eight substances that affect human hormones , increase estrogen levels and lower testosterone levels. Some substances are found in "at least 65 other essential oils".
Handling
Exposure to essential oils can cause contact dermatitis. Essential oils can be aggressive against rubber and plastics, so be careful in choosing the right handling equipment. Glass syringes are often used, but have rough volumetric graduations. The chemical syringe is ideal, because it retains essential oils, long enough to get into the deep vessels, and has good graduation, facilitates quality control. Unlike traditional pipettes, which have difficulty dealing with viscous liquids, chemical needles, also known as positive displacement pipettes, have seals and piston arrangements that glide inside the pipette, wiping essential oils from the pipette wall.
Ingestion
Essential oils are widely used as a GRAS flavoring agent in foods, beverages and confectionery in accordance with the Standard of Good Drug Making (GMP) and standard flavorist. The pharmacopoeial standard for medicinal oil should be noted. Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, especially cats. The use of essential oil internally may pose a danger to pregnant women, as some may abortifacients in doses of 0.5-10 ml, and thus should not be used during pregnancy.
Pesticide residue
There are some concerns about pesticide residues in essential oils, especially those used therapeutically. For this reason, many aromatherapy practitioners buy organic oils. Pesticides are not only present in small quantities, but also the oil itself is used in small quantities and usually in high dilutions. Where there are concerns about pesticide residues in essential food oils, such as mint or orange oil, the exact criteria are not solely whether the material is produced organically, but whether it meets government standards based on the true analysis of pesticide content.
Pregnancy
The use of essential oils in pregnancy is not recommended because published evidence is inadequate to show evidence of safety. Pregnant women often report abnormal sensitivity to odor and taste, and essential oils can cause irritation and nausea.
Toxicology
The following table lists LD 50 or the median lethal dose for ordinary oils; this is the dose required to kill half of the animal population members tested. LD 50 is intended as a guide only, and the reported values ​​can vary greatly because of the different species tested and the test conditions.
Standardize derivative products
In 2002, ISO published ISO 4720 where the botanical name of the relevant plant was standardized. The rest of the standard relating to this topic can be found in the ICS section 71.100.60
See also
- Aroma light
- Enfleurage
- Perfume
- The herb garden
- List of essential oils
- List of herbs
- List of vegetable oils
- Tingtur
- Volatility
References
Further reading
- Baser, K.H.C. & amp; G. Buchbauer (2010). Essential Oil Handbook: Science, Technology, and Applications . CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York. ISBN: 978-1-4200-6315-8.
- Schnaubelt, Kurt (1999). Advanced Aromatherapy: Essential Oil Therapy . Press Healing Art. ISBN: 0-89281-743-7.
- Sellar, Wanda (2001). Directory of Essential Oils (Reprinted.). Essex: The CW Daniel Company, Ltd. ISBNÃ, 0-85207-346-1. Ã,
- Tisserand, Robert (1995). Oil Safety Important: A Guide for Health Care Professionals . Churchill Livingstone. ISBNÃ, 0-443-05260-3. Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments