As Hurricane Katrina's center passes southeast of New Orleans on August 29, 2005, the downtown winds are in the Category 1 range with frequent wind and tidal waves. Hurricane-force winds were experienced throughout the city, although Katrina's worst part missed the city, hitting near St. Petersburg. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes. Hurricane Katrina made his final landing east of St. Tammany Parish. The western eye wall passes directly over St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana as a Category 3 hurricane at around 9:45 pm Central time, August 29, 2005. Slidell communities, Avery Estates, Lakeshore Estates, Oak Harbor, Eden Isles and Northshore Beaches are flooded by storm surges that stretch over six miles to the mainland. Storm surges affect all coastline St. Tammany Parish along 92 kilometers (92 km), including Lacombe, Mandeville, and Madisonville. The storm surge in the Rigolets Pass area is estimated to be 16 feet, excluding wave action, down to 7 feet (2.1 m) in Madisonville. The wave reached the second peak in east St. Tammany when the west wind from the southern eye wall pushed the spurt eastward, backed up at the bottleneck of the Rigolets Pass.
In New Orleans City, a storm surge caused about 23 violations in the drainage canal and the embankment navigation channel and flood wall. As mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965, the responsibility for the design and construction of the city's embankments belonging to the United States Army Technician Corps and the responsibility for their maintenance is owned by Orleans Levee's Council. Failure of dikes and flood walls during Katrina is considered by experts as the worst engineering disaster in US history. As of August 31, 2005, 80% of New Orleans was flooded, with some parts under 15 feet (4.6 m) of water. The French Quarter district and the famous Garden District escaped flooding because the area is above sea level. Major offenses include the 17th Canal Canal embankment, Canal Industrial embankment, and floodwall Wall Canal London. This violation caused most of the floods, according to a June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The flood disaster halts production and oil purification that increases oil prices worldwide.
Between 80 and 90 percent of New Orleans residents were evacuated before the cyclone struck, testifying to some of the success of evacuation measures. Nevertheless, many remain in the city, especially those who do not have access to private vehicles or are isolated from news spreads from local authorities. Louisiana Superdome is used for home and supports some of those who can not evacuate. Television footage is often focused on the Superdome as a symbol of flooding that occurred in New Orleans.
The disaster has huge implications for most populations, economies and politics throughout the United States. This has prompted the review of the Army Corps of Engineers Congress and the failure of part of the federal flood protection system that experts agree must protect the city's population from the Katrina waves. Katrina has also encouraged significant research into the academic community into urban planning, real estate finance, and economic issues amid natural disasters.
Video Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans
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New Orleans is built on a natural highland along the Mississippi River. Subsequent developments were eventually extended to nearby Pontchartrain Lake built upon to bring them above average lake level. Expandable commercial waterways are extended from the lake to the interior of the city to promote waterborne trade. After the construction of the Inside Port Navigation Canal in 1940, the state shut down these waterways causing the water table in the city to drop drastically.
In 1965, a massive flood caused by Hurricane Betsy brought concerns about the flood from the cyclone to the surface. That year Congress passed the Flood Control Act of 1965 which, among other issues, authorized the design and construction of flood protection in the New Orleans metropolitan area to the United States Army Engineer Corps, subject to the principle of cost-sharing, some of which were liberated by legislation later. Local municipalities are required with maintenance after the project is completed. After 1965, the corps built the embankment system around a much larger geographical footprint that included earlier swamps and swamps. Many new subdivisions were developed to serve those who preferred the suburban lifestyle but were open to staying within the borders of New Orleans. Historians question why the furthest area of ​​the east was developed, because it is a decent wetland and because ringing this area with embankments does nothing meaningful to protect the city. The expansion achieved is to increase the amount of land that can be developed, and that is the reason for the Army Corps to expand the size of the project. In addition the structure causes a decrease of up to 8 feet (2.4 m) in some areas due to consolidation of the underlying organic soil.
A 1999-2001 study by Richard Camapanella, Tulane School of Architecture, using LIDAR technology found that 51% of the terrestrial surface of adjacent parts of the city were from Orleans, Jefferson, and St.. Bernard parishes are located at or above sea level, with the highest environments at 10-12 feet (3.0-3.7 m) above average sea level. Forty-nine percent lie below sea level, in places to an equivalent depth.
When approved, the design and construction of the flood control is projected to take 13 years to complete. When Katrina made a landing in 2005, the project was between 60-90% complete with an estimated estimated completion date for 2015, almost 50 years after authorization. Hurricane Georges in September 1998 encouraged some scientists, engineers, and politicians into collective planning. Scientific American states that "New Orleans is a disaster waiting to happen" in October 2001. However, even that call the most urgent of officials evacuating before Katrina did not warn that the embankment could violate.
On August 29, 2005, flood walls and embankments failed in all metro areas. Many have collapsed below the design threshold (17th Street and London Canals). Others collapse after a short period of runoff (Industrial Channels) causes a "scouring" or erosion of a dike wall. In eastern New Orleans, the embankment along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway fails in some places because they are built with sand and eroded materials instead of clay, a clear construction defect.
Maps Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans
Pre-Katrina preparation
The eyes of Hurricane Katrina are forecast to pass through New Orleans. In that event, the predicted wind came from the north as the storm passed, forcing large amounts of water from Lake Pontchartrain against the embankment and possibly into the city. It is also estimated that the storm surge on Lake Pontchartrain will reach 14-18 feet (4.3-5.5 m), with waves reaching 7 feet (2 m) above storm surges.
On August 28, at 10:00 pm, CDT, the National Weather Service (NWS) field office in New Orleans issued a bulletin predicting disaster damage in New Orleans and surrounding areas. Expected effects include, at least, the destruction of some of the well-built half-houses in the city, severe damage to most industrial buildings, rendering them inoperable, the "total destruction" of all low-rise wooden-frame apartment buildings, all windows blowing in high-rise office buildings, and the creation of large debris of trees, telephone poles, cars, and buildings collapsed. Lack of clean water is predicted to "make human suffering extraordinary by modern standards."
It is also predicted that puddles caused by storm surges will keep most of the city uninhabitable for weeks and that the destruction of refineries and petrochemicals in the surrounding area will channel waste into floods. The resulting chaos will coat any surface, turning the city into a toxic swamp until water can be drained. Some experts say that it took six months or more to pump all the water out of the city.
Evacuation command
On Saturday night, Max Mayfield, director of the National Hurricane Center, did something he had just done once before. He called the governors of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi to warn them of the hurricane coming. He issued a special warning to Mayor Ray Nagin, telling him that some of the dikes in the greater New Orleans area could be mastered. Then, Mr. Mayfield will tell Brian Williams with NBC Nightly News that he went to bed that night with the confidence he has done what he can. On Sunday, he made a video call to US President George W. Bush at his farm in Crawford, Texas about the hurricane storm.
Many New Orleans residents took precautions to secure their homes and prepare for the possibility of evacuation on Friday the 26th and Saturday the 27th. On August 27, the state of Louisiana was declared an emergency area by the Federal Government, and by the middle of the morning, many pumps local gasoline that has not been out of gas has a long queue. Nagin first requested a voluntary evacuation of the city at 5:00 am. on August 27 and then ordered mandatory evacuation throughout the city at 9:30 am on August 28th, the first place in the city's history. In a live news conference, Mayor Nagin predicted that, "a storm surge is likely to overthrow our embankment system", and warned that oil production in the Gulf of Mexico would be closed.
Many neighboring areas and parishes also called for evacuations. In the middle of the afternoon, officials at Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, Lafourche, Terrebonne, Jefferson, St. Tammany, and Washington's parishes have called for voluntary or obligatory evacuations. "
Although Mayor Ray Nagin ordered the city's mandatory evacuation, many people refused to leave or could not do so. At Parish of Plaquemines, an official described them as "gambling with their own lives." Many reasons, including the belief that their home or building is in which they plan to continue to offer adequate protection, lack of financial resources or access to transportation, or a sense of duty to protect their property. These reasons are complicated by the fact that the previous year's evacuation to Hurricane Ivan has resulted in traffic jams of six to ten hours. The fact that Katrina happens at the end of the month, before paying the checks is in the hands of many is also significant. The "last refuge" was designated at the Louisiana Superdome. Starting at noon on August 28 and running for a few hours, the city bus is lowered to transport local residents from 12 point pick-ups across the city to the "last refuge".
As Hurricane Katrina arrived early the next morning, Mayor Nagin estimated that about a million people had left the city and the surrounding area. On the evening of August 28, over 100,000 people live in the city, with 20,000 people taking shelter at the Louisiana Superdome, along with 300 National Guard troops. The Superdome has been used as a refuge in the past, as in 1998's Hurricane Georges, as it is estimated to withstand winds of up to 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) and 35 feet (11 m) water level. While supplies of MRE (Ready to eat) and bottled water are available at the Superdome, Nagin told the victims to bring blankets and enough food for a few days, warning that it would be a very uncomfortable place.
Direct effect
Hurricane Katrina made the second and third landings in the Gulf Coast region on August 29, 2005 as Category 3 hurricane.
On Monday August 29, local affiliate TV station WDSU reported that New Orleans suffered widespread flooding due to multiple Army embankment embankments, has no electricity, and that there are some examples of catastrophic damage in residential and business areas. The whole neighborhood on the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain flooded.
The widespread floods made many residents forced to live long after Hurricane Katrina passed. Disjointed survivors graced the tops of houses all over the city. Some are trapped in the attic and can not escape. Many people cut their way to their roofs with axes and big hammers, which Mayor Nagin has urged residents to keep in their attic in case of such an event. Clean water is not available, and power outages are expected to last for weeks.
By 11:00 noon August 29, Mayor Nagin described the loss of life as "significant" with reports of bodies floating in water throughout the city, though mainly in the east. Some hotels and hospitals report a shortage of diesel fuel. The National Guard began setting up a temporary morgue at selected locations.
Communication failure
Coordination of rescue efforts August 29 and August 30 were complicated by disruption of communications infrastructure. Many phones, including most cell phones, and Internet access can not operate due to line breaks, BTS destruction, or power failures, although some base stations have their own backup generators. In some cases, journalists were asked to brief public officials on conditions in areas where information did not reach them in other ways.
All local television stations are disturbed. Local television stations, and newspapers, moved quickly to sister sites in nearby towns. New Orleans CBS-affiliate WWL-TV is the only local station to stay in the air during and after the storm, broadcasting from Baton Rouge. Broadcasting and publishing on the Internet are an important tool for disseminating information to refugees and the rest of the world, with news networks citing blogs such as Interdictor and Gulfsails for reports on what is happening in the city. Amateur radio provides tactical and emergency communications and handles health and welfare questions. On September 4, a temporary communication center was established at the Hyatt Hotel in downtown New Orleans.
The first television pictures from New Orleans shown on national TV came from KTRK owned and operated by ABC in Houston that flew its helicopter to New Orleans in the days after the storm.
Building and road damage
Most of the city's main roads are damaged. The only way out of town is east to the east bank of New Orleans on the Crescent City Connection bridge. Twin I-10 Twin Bridges moving eastward towards Slidell, severely damaged; 473 spans are separated from their support and 64 spans fall into the lake. The 24-mile (39 km) long Lake Pontchartrain Causeway escapes unscathed but carries only emergency traffic. On August 29, at 7:40 am, CDT, it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown up, and many other high-rise buildings had extensive windows damage. The Hyatt is the most run-down hotel in town, with the bed reported flying out of the window. The insulation tube is exposed because the hotel's glass exterior is completely cut off.
Louis Armstrong International Airport of New Orleans closed before the storm but reported no flooding in the area of ​​the aircraft movement or inside the building itself. On August 30, reopened for humanitarian and rescue operations. Commercial cargo flights resumed on September 10, and commercial passenger services continued on 13 September.
The Superdome suffered significant damage, including two sections of the roof when the waterproof membrane has essentially been exfoliated by the wind. On August 30, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco ordered a complete evacuation of the remaining people who sought refuge in the Superdome. They were then transported to Astrodome in Houston, Texas.
Troubleshooting
At noon Monday, August 29, Hurricane Katrina's eyes passed east of City with windstorm conditions, but spared New Orleans the worst impact. The city seems to have escaped most of the predicted wind and heavy rains. Most of the buildings come well structurally.
However, the city's flood embankment and wall designed and built by the US Army Engineer Corps were violated in over fifty locations. The storm surge through the Mississippi River Channel Canal ("MR-GO") embankment in about 20 places and flooded the Parish of Saint Bernard, the eastern bank of the Plaquemines Parish and the historic Ninth Dead Ward. Major embankment violations in the city included offenses on the 17th Street Canal embankment, the London Avenue Canal, and the navigable and navigable Portable Navigation Canal, which caused about 80% of New Orleans floods. There are three major violations in the Industrial Channel; one on the upper side near the intersection with MR-GO, and two on the lower side along the Lower Ninth Ward, between Florida Avenue and Claiborne Avenue. The 17th Street Canal embankment is pierced at the bottom of the (New Orleans West End) inland side of the Old Hammond Highway Bridge, and London Avenue Canal is breached in two places, on the upper side just back from Robert E. Lee Boulevard, and at the bottom one block from Mirabeau Avenue Bridge. Floods of offenses place most of the cities under water for days, in many places for weeks. Many roads and buildings were damaged by Hurricane Katrina.
In a June 2006 report on the disaster, the US Army Engineers Corps acknowledged that the wrong design specifications, incomplete parts, and inadequate embankment subs construction, contributed to the damage done to New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. A report released by the American Society of Civil Engineers in June 2007 concluded that two-thirds of the city's floods could be avoided if the dikes were held.
The failure of the New Orleans Storm Protection Project has prompted many government officials to call for a lot of hearings and investigations on the congressional committee. The Levees.org group led by Sandy Rosenthal called on the 8/29 Commission to investigate engineering and decision-making behind the collapse of the flood protection system that should have been done against Katrina's storm.
Loss of life
The final report shows that the number of official deaths, according to the Louisiana Department of Health, is 1,464. The first death was reported shortly before midnight on August 28, 2005, when three elderly nursing patients died during evacuation to Baton Rouge. On September 4, Mayor Nagin speculated that the death toll could rise by up to ten thousand after the cleanup was completed. Several survivors and evacuations reported seeing corpses lying on city streets and floating in flooded areas, especially in the eastern part of the city. The continued state of decomposition of many corpses, some of which were left in the water or the sun for days before being collected, blocked attempts by the coroner to identify many who died.
There are six confirmed deaths in the Superdome. Four of them come from natural causes, one of which is the result of drug overdose, and one of them is suicide. At the Convention Center, four bodies were recovered. One in four is believed to be the result of a murder. Body gathering throughout the city starts in about 9 September. Prior to that date, the location of corpses was recorded, but most were not taken.
Subsequent research determined that most of the victims of Katrina in New Orleans were elderly people living near the embankment clearance in the Lower Ninth Environments and Lakeview neighborhoods.
Aftermath
Civil interference
Hurricane Katrina was marked by reports of looting, violence, shooting of rescue teams, killings and rape. While some criminal acts do occur, such as the discharge of the entire Walmart, many reports are also exaggerated, inflated, or merely artificial. Some news organizations continue to issue retractions.
There are reports of snipers taking pictures in rescue helicopters; this is wrong. Reports of city explosive gangs who shot police and survivors were also wrong, as only one policeman was shot after Katrina and no charges were filed against alleged gang members.
Many of the reported instances of "looting" are in fact abandoned people scavenging for necessary supplies such as food, water, clothing, and shelter. Some examples of looting were later found to have been committed by a small number of NOPD officers.
Rebecca Solnit, writing in The Nation, reports that "A few weeks after Hurricane Katrina, the community organizer and former Black Panther Malik Rahim had told Amy Goodman about her national DemocracyNow! Syndication program," Over the next, directly after the flood, in the New Orleans hunting season begun in African American young men. In Algeria, I'm sure, about 18 American African men were killed. No one really knows [s] how many counts overall. ""
This investigation led to at least one indictment by the Department of Justice.
Civil disorders in post-Hurricane Katrina are consistent with all existing research on the sociology of disasters, which concludes that "looting [post-disaster] is a myth", and greatly exaggerated by the media, ultimately fueling a climate of suspicion and paranoia that severely hampers rescue efforts and further aggravate the conditions of the victims.
Some early reports of mass disorder, especially in stories about the Superdome, were later found to be exaggerated or heralded. In the Superdome for example, the New Orleans sex crime unit investigates any reports of rape or cruelty and only finds two verifiable incidents, both of sexual violence. The head of the department told reporters, "I think it's an urban myth, every time you put 25,000 people under one roof, without running water, no electricity and no information, stories told." Based on these reports, government officials estimate hundreds of dead to be found in the Superdome, but instead found only six deaths: four natural deaths, one drug overdose, and one suicide. In the case of a reported sniper, the "sniper" turned out to be a release valve from a gas tank that came up every few minutes.
Additional acts of unrest occurred following a storm, especially with the New Orleans Police Department. In the aftermath, a tourist asks for the help of a police officer, and gets a response, "Go to hell, that's everyone for herself." Also, a third of the New Orleans police officers left the city in the days before the storm, many of whom escaped in their department's patrol car. This adds to the chaos by stretching the thin law enforcement. In addition, several NOPD officers were arrested several weeks after Katrina on suspicion of vehicle theft.
Gretna controversy
The Gretna City in the West Bank of the Mississippi River received considerable press coverage when, after Hurricane Katrina (end of August 2005), abandoned and dehydrated survivors who attempted to flee New Orleans by walking on the Crescent City Connection River bridge Mississippi was revived at gunpoint by the Gretna Town Police, along with Crescent City Connection Police and deputy Jefferson Parish Sheriff, who installed a roadblock on the bridge in the days following the storm.
Rebuilding governance
On August 31, 1,500 New Orleans police officers were ordered to leave search and rescue missions and distract him to control widespread looting. The city also ordered a compulsory curfew. Mayor Nagin called for an increase in federal aid in "despairing S.O.S.", following the city's inability to control looting. He is often misquoted as stating "martial law" in the city, though there is no term in Louisiana state law (an emergency statement made instead). On the same day, Governor Kathleen Blanco announced the arrival of the military presence, stating that "they have an M-16 and are locked and loaded.This force knows how to shoot and kill and I think they will do it." Although the presence of law enforcement is increasing, crime continues to be a problem.
Relief efforts are constantly disrupted by violence, and there are reports of armed gunmen rampant in the streets, looting and robbing unattended buildings and shops. The Charity Hospital, one of several facilities seeking to evacuate patients, was forced to stop efforts after coming under fire. On September 1, 6,500 National Guard troops arrived in New Orleans, and on September 2 Blanco requested a total of 40,000 aid in evacuation and security efforts in Louisiana. In addition, the Louisiana State Guard and state defense forces from several states are activated to assist the National Guard in protecting large numbers of refugees who left Louisiana and assisted in other disaster recovery operations.
Some concerns over the availability and readiness of the Louisiana National Guard to help stabilize the security situation were raised. Lieutenant Colonel Pete commented that "dozens of high water vehicles, temples, fuel makers, and generators are abroad." At the time of the storm, approximately 3,000 Garda members were serving official travel in Iraq. With a total force of 11,000 personnel, this means that 27% of the Louisiana National Guard is overseas. However, both the White House and the Pentagon argue that the depletion of personnel and equipment does not affect the ability of the Guard to carry out its mission - instead, roads and flooded areas are the main factors that hinder the Guards from securing the situation in New Orleans.
Before Hurricane Katrina, the murder rate in New Orleans was ten times higher than the US average. Once the situation in New Orleans is controlled, criminal activity in New Orleans drops significantly.
In response to an increase in criminal activity in New Orleans, an emergency prison was built for house arrest for a short time. Camp Greyhound is a temporary prison that houses more than 200 suspected robbers in New Orleans until they can be transferred to another institution. With room for 700 prisoners, the facility was guarded by officers from one of America's heaviest prisons, the Louisiana State Prison Institute in Angola. The bus station terminal was converted into a chain-jail cell that could hold up to fifteen prisoners. These prisoners are kept in conditions that include portable toilets and food issued by the military, but do not include mattresses or cots.
Law enforcement builds necessary offices from police stations in the public areas of the bus station, which includes the Prosecutor's Office and the Department of Justice. Camp Greyhound does have some problems with police records due to flooding, and prisoners who have committed minor offenses are kept in the same area as those who have more serious allegations. This facility runs on backup generators and fingerprint methods are outdated, which adds to the confusion of the facility.
Superdome
As one of the largest buildings in the city, the refugees were taken to the Superdome to await a storm or to wait for further evacuations. Many others go to the Superdome themselves, hoping to find food, water, shelter, or transportation out of town. On August 29, Katrina passed New Orleans with such power that it tore two holes in the roof of the Superdome. On the night of August 30, Major-General Bennett C. Landreneau, of the Louisiana National Guard, said the number of people sheltering at the Superdome has increased to around 15,000 to 20,000 as search and rescue teams bring more people to the Superdome from flood-hit areas. As conditions worsened and floods continued to rise, on August 31, Governor Blanco ordered that all New Orleans, including the Superdome, be evacuated. The area outside the Superdome is flooded to a depth of 3 feet (0.91 m), with a possible 7 feet (2.1 m) if the area is equated with Lake Pontchartrain. Blanco's governor asked the country to send 68 school buses on Monday to start evacuating people.
Despite the increasingly grungy conditions, the population in it continues to grow. The situation inside the building is described as chaotic; reports of rampant drug use, fights, rape, and disgusting living conditions are widespread. At that time, a total of 100 were reported to have died in the Superdome, with most deaths due to heat exhaustion, but other reported incidents included a rapist accused of being beaten to death by a mob and committed suicide. Despite these reports, though, the latest official death toll is significantly less: six people died inside (4 natural causes, one overdose, and apparent suicide) and several more in the general area outside the stadium.
FEMA has announced that, along with Greyhound, National Guard, and Houston Metro, 25,000 people at the Superdome will be transferred across the state border to the Houston Astrodome. Around 475 buses were promised by FEMA to carry evacuations with all evacuations expected to take two days. On September 4, the Superdome has been completely evacuated.
Although the Superdome suffered water and wind damage to the overall interior and exterior structure, as well as interior damage from human waste and garbage, the facility was repaired at a cost of US $ 140 million and was ready for the game in the fall of 2006.
New Orleans Convention Center
Because of Hurricane Katrina, the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center suffered a loss of water and electricity pressure, and one of its convention rooms had large holes in the ceiling. The center was otherwise only slightly damaged.
On August 29, when people were turning up at the Superdome and saved, rescue teams began dropping people at the Convention Center, which, at an altitude of 8 feet (2 m) above sea level, easily escaped the flood. Captain M.A. Pfeiffer of NOPD was quoted as saying, "It should be a bus stop where they drop people for transportation, the problem is, transportation never comes." By the afternoon of the 29th, the crowd had grown to about 1,000. The president of the convention center (who was there with a small group of employees at the convention center at the moment) spoke to the crowds in the dark, informing them that there was no food, water, medical care, or other services. On late night of the 29th, the convention center had been damaged, and the refugees began to occupy the inside of the convention center.
The contingent of 250 units of the National Guard engineered a section of the convention center from August 30 and remained there until September 1, sometimes barricaded at their location. The units were never given orders to control the crowd, and were not expected to be prepared for such a task, as an engineering unit. The number of people at the convention center continues to grow over the next three days by some estimates to as many as 20,000 people. Reasons for coming include being sent to the convention center of the overwhelmed Superdome, down there by the rescue team, or hearing about the convention center as a mouth-to-mouth shelter. No weapons checks were conducted amongst the crowd as was done in the Superdome, and the large store of alcohol kept at the Convention Center looted. Reports of robbery, murder, and rape began to surface. In general, those who died, regardless of the cause of death, were not removed or removed and left to rot.
On September 1st, facilities, such as the Superdome, were completely overwhelmed and declared unsafe and unhealthy. However, despite the thousands of people displaced at the center, along with the news broadcaster network, begging desperately for help on CNN, FOX, and other broadcast outlets, FEMA head Michael Brown and Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff both claim to have no knowledge of use of the Convention Center as a refuge until the afternoon of September 1st.
A large National Guard contingent arrived on 2 September to establish order and provide important provisions, and on September 3, buses began arriving at the convention center to pick up the refugees there. The Convention Center was fully evacuated on 4 September.
Evacuation attempt
On August 31, a public health emergency was announced for the entire Gulf Coast, and Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco ordered mandatory evacuations for all remaining in New Orleans. Relief organizations rushed to find suitable locations to relocate refugees on a large scale. Many survivors at the Superdome were harassed by Reliant Astrodome in Houston, Texas. Houston agreed to accommodate an additional 25,000 refugees outside the treated at Astrodome, including a "rebel bus" controlled by private citizen Jabbar Gibson, who had been released with ties from Orleans Parish Prison just days before the storm struck, and possessed a criminal conviction previous. On September 1st, Astrodome was declared full and could not accept evakue anymore. The nearby George R. Brown Convention Center is open to accommodate additional refugees. San Antonio, Texas also agreed to accommodate 25,000 refugees, began relocation efforts in vacant office buildings on the grounds of KellyUSA, the former air force base, and Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas mobilized to accommodate incoming refugees, and small shelters were set up in towns in Texas and Oklahoma. Arkansas also opens state-of-the-art shelters and state parks for refugees.
Expected to last only two days, the evacuation of the remaining refugees proves more difficult than the anticipated rescue organizations as transportation convoys struggle with damaged infrastructure and more and more refugees. On the morning of September 1, Governor Blanco reported that the number of refugees at the Superdome dropped to 2,500. However, at night, eleven hours after the evacuation effort began, the Superdome withheld 10,000 more people than at dawn. Refugees from across the city flooded the crowd to about 30,000, believing that the arena was the best place to get a ride out of town.
The evacuation effort was accelerated on September 2 by a wider spread of refugees among recently opened shelters. Louis Armstrong International Airport reopened to allow flights related to relief efforts, and began loading evacue to the aircraft as well.
Elements of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived in New Orleans September 3. Floods are a challenge for paratroopers when they first arrive. The division had only four ships at the time, however, the division quickly began acquiring Coast Guard, Navy and Sea assets that were placed under their control. Army Major General William B. Caldwell IV, the 82nd general commander, said: "We eventually became Waterborne's 82nd Division," the general said, "and that's really our skill" during search and rescue and security. mission in a flooded part of town.
Task Force Commander Katrina, Lieutenant General Russell Honore also commissioned paratroopers to align the evacuation situation at Louis Armstrong International Airport New Orleans, New Orleans Convention Center and Superdome. In total, 3,600 paratroopers were deployed to New Orleans to participate in the All-American Task Force. This unit works in conjunction with state, local and other federal authorities to feed, process and transport refugees to other accommodation; the division army helped evacuate 6,000 New Orleans residents. On September 18, the 82nd Division medical officer had treated 1,352 people and gave 2,047 immunizations, according to the unit document. On September 19, the 82nd Division military engineer cleared the ruins of the city, cleared 113 streets, and removed 218 trees, according to unit documents.
On September 3, about 42,000 refugees were evacuated from New Orleans, including those remaining at the Superdome and Convention Center. Efforts to switch to hundreds of people still trapped in hotel areas, hospitals, schools and private homes.
On September 6, Mayor Ray Nagin ordered the forced evacuation of all people from the city who were not involved in clean-up work, on the grounds of safety and health issues. The order was given not only as an attempt to restore law and order, but also to worry about the dangerous living conditions in the city. The eviction effort increased three days later, when a house-to-house search was conducted to advise the remaining citizens to leave town. Nonetheless, some residents are opposed to eviction orders. Although initially negligent in enforcing evictions, National Guard troops eventually began to exclude the population by force.
Health effects
There are fears that prolonged flooding will cause a rupture of health problems for those who remain in the city. In addition to dehydration and food poisoning, there is also a potential spread of hepatitis A, cholera, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever, all associated with increasing food contamination and drinking water supplies in this city coupled with the hot and stifling characteristics of the city. humidity. Survivors can also face long-term health risks due to prolonged exposure to flood waters contaminated with petrochemicals and mosquito-borne diseases such as yellow fever, malaria and West Nile Virus.
On September 2, an emergency triage center was set up at the airport. A steady stream of helicopters and ambulances brings old, sick, and wounded people. Baggage equipment is used as a gurney to transport people from the flight path to the hospital, established at the airport terminal. The scene can be described as, "organized disorder," but efficient. On September 3, the situation began to stabilize. Up to 5,000 people have been prioritized and fewer than 200 people remain in the medical unit.
Hospital evacuations continue from other area hospitals that are flooded or damaged. Reports from the Methodist Hospital show that people die from dehydration and fatigue while staff are working non-stop in horrendous conditions. The first floor flooded the hospital and the dead were stacked in the second floor operating room. Patients requiring ventilators stay alive with hand-powered resuscitation bags.
Among the many hospitals covered by typhoon-related damage is a public hospital serving New Orleans, the Charity Hospital, which is also the only trauma center serving the region. Damage to hospital structures has forced sustained closure as funding for new buildings is sought.
On September 6th, E. coli was detected in water supply. According to the CDC, five people died from bacterial infections caused by toxic water. The death was apparently caused by the bacteria Vibrio vulnificus, from the Cholera family.
Economy
Before the Katrina landings in 2005, the New Orleans economy relied heavily on its use and revenue from being a port city. The population grew and the economy peaked at the end of the 19th century. However, in recent years, after rapid industrialization and the development of more rapid freight methods, the New Orleans economy has continued to decline. As a result, New Orleans relies on three major industries for economic revenues: transportation, entertainment, and public services. However, after Katrina landings, these sectors, including the economy as a whole, are diminishing and deeply affected by natural disasters.
After the cyclone, the workforce was reduced and wages decreased by a staggering amount. In July 2005, 9,592 people registered for unemployment services and payroll lists of metropolitan companies decreased by 13.6% between July 2005 and July 2007, signaling an estimated loss of 70,000 jobs. The most affected sectors are service-related industries, fluctuating with the population. The only sector that really develops after the landing is construction, which is in great demand to make the necessary improvements and rebuild the destroyed house.
In the first early months after Katrina, the workforce is decreasing faster than demand and the unemployment rate is skyrocketing. However, in September 2006, the unemployment rate never fell below the national average, showing an increase. In the second quarter of 2005 and 2007, corporate wages increased 21%, twice as much as the national increase, showing further increases, although the increase varied across sectors.
There are several suggestions on using natural capital to further help the New Orleans economy. One is that, as opposed to rebuilding in flooded lands, restoring acres of wetlands to benefit from economic wealth. The Mississippi delta provides the United States with one of the largest fisheries and the most important flight terminal, enabling New Orleans to benefit from these ecological industries. Furthermore, by increasing the wetlands, it will help create a natural barrier that can help New Orleans in future storms. It is estimated that if New Orleans would recover 1,700 sq miles (4,400 km 2 ) of lost wetlands before 2005, natural capital would be worth about $ 6 billion/year, or $ 200 billion in current value. While New Orleans has made a lot of effort in rebuilding their economy, and has succeeded with attracting tourist activities like Mardi Gras, the natural capital provided can further help the city to return to the wealth and pre-Katrina economy.
Racial gap
Following Katrina, many say that the typhoon impacted the blacks and the less fortunate economically, and that it had a relatively smaller impact on white-dominated people, and the rich. "The extraordinary recovery in this city, at an alarming rate, leaves the African-Americans still the majority of the population," according to FiveThirtyEight. They base this on statistics showing that New Orleans blacks are more likely to be unemployed than when storms hit, and more likely to live in poverty. The income of black households has also fallen, and the wage gap between blacks and whites has increased. All these changes are attributed to Katrina.
About 175,000 blacks left New Orleans for a year after the storm, while only 100,000 returned, pushing the African American population to 59 percent, from the previous 66 percent. The greatest impact is on middle-class blacks, given that most black professionals are older and more advanced in their careers, and the vast majority of the rich and white middle class.
The decline into the black population in New Orleans is associated with a large number of educated white entrants, which contribute to the high level of business establishment in the city. These newcomers have the effect of raising house prices, making rental rates less affordable for the majority of blacks.
The influence of blacks in the city ebbed also politically: in 2010 New Orleans elected the first white mayor in 32 years, the white majority (5-2) took over the control of the previously black City Council, and white police. elected head and prosecutor. Lance Hill from Tulane University said: "The perception among most African-Americans is that they live politically as a losing group in their own city."
After Hurricane Katrina, many African-Americans suffer from mental illness - such as PTSD - to a higher extent than their Caucasian counterparts. Populations with mental illness, especially after natural disasters, are not uncommon. African-Americans, however, "have about twice as likely as greater than positive screening for PTSD" after Hurricane Katrina than whites. It is suspected that African-Americans show PTSD at a higher frequency than whites because they are "more likely to experience frequent mental stress." For example, African-Americans "report more negative events and chronic stress-witnessing violence, receiving bad news, incidents of death, lifetime discrimination, daily discrimination - than whites, which adversely affect their mental health." African-Americans "are more separated than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States, and racial segregation is associated with poorer housing and environment with limited resources to improve health and well-being." Another study found that "[b] racial deficiency was associated with greater symptom severity" of PTSD than in other races. It is known that "the status of the majority itself has been shown to increase the risk of PTSD after trauma, although this effect may be largely due to differential exposure to poverty in violence." Moreover, "the vast majority of Blacks in New Orleans bear the disproportionately heavy burden of complicated chronic predisaster disease due to inadequate access to health care."
See also
- Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act of 2006
- Hurricane Katrina's Impact on Mississippi
- Hurricane on the Bayou (movie)
- Diaspora New Orleans
- Posse Comitatus Act
- New Orleans Reconstruction
- Seabrook Floodgate
- Six Flags New Orleans
- US. Contractor Army Corps of Engineers working civil (New Orleans)
- When Levee Broke (movie)
- Zeitoun (book)
References
External links
- Levees.Org (non-profit flood protection group in New Orleans)
- Photos taken after Hurricane Katrina
- Videos, after Hurricane Katrina
- NOVA scienceNOW: Hurricanes: New Orleans's unique vulnerability to hurricanes.
- US. Army Corps Engineers Issuing Map
- Independent Release Report of the Investigation Team
- Orleans Parish Prison Before and After Katrina
- Sexual Assault During and After Hurricane Katrina 2005
- Village Voice essay on the flood
- GiveThemBack.com The National Rifle Association documentation highlights firearms attacks after Hurricane Katrina.
- The Chicago Tribune article on Katrina's destructive impact on jazz memorabilia
- "Hurricane Katrina: Disaster Revealing Race and American Class Problems" from Tulane University Graduate
- "The X-Codes: A Post-Katrina Postscript", by Dorothy Moye, Southern Spaces , August 26, 2009
- Four Years After Katrina, New Orleans Still Fought to Heal from the Storm - video report by Democracy Now!
- News Coverage , critical 26 minutes. a compilation of cable news coverage videos as Katrina made the landing - by Cultural Farming.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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