A lawnmower ( cutting machine ) is a machine that uses one or more rotating propellers to cut the grass surface to the same height. The height of the cut grass can be fixed by the design of the cutting machine, but generally can be adjusted by the operator, usually by a single master lever, or with a lever or nut and bolt on each of the engine wheels. The propellers may be powered by muscles, with wheels mechanically connected to cutting knives so that when the mower is pushed forward, the blades rotate, or the engine may have a battery-powered electric motor or plug-in. The most common resource for lawn mowers is a small internal combustion engine (usually a single cylinder). Smaller cutting machines often lack any form of propulsion, requiring human strength to move above the surface; The cutting machine "runs on the back" is self-propelled, requires humans only to run behind and guide them. A larger lawnmower is usually a "self-propelled" rear-end type, or more often, a "drive" cutting machine, which is equipped so that the operator can ride a mower and control it. Robot mower ("mow bot", "mowbot", etc.) Designed to operate entirely on its own, or less commonly with operators with remote control.
Two main styles of blades are used in lawn mowers. The mower uses a single blade that rotates about a vertical axis known as a rotary cutting machine, while using a cut rod and some knife assemblies that rotate around a single horizontal axis known as a cylinder or a lawn mower (although in some versions, the cutting bar is the only knife, and the rotating assembly consists of flat metal pieces that force the blades against the sharp sharp bars).
There are several types of cutting machines, each corresponding to a specific scale and purpose. The smallest type, the non powered mower, perfect for lawns and small residential parks. Electric or piston engine powered engines are used for larger lawns (although there is some overlap). Lawnmowers, which sometimes resemble small tractors, are larger than cutting machines and are suitable for large grasses, although lawnmower driving commercial vehicles (such as zero-rotary cutting machines) can be "upright", and often have few resemblance to a grass tractor housing, is designed to cut large areas at high speeds in the shortest possible time. The largest multi-blade mowers are mounted on tractors and designed for large grass landscapes such as golf courses and city parks, although they are not suitable for complex terrain.
Video Lawn mower
History
Discovery
The first lawn mower was invented by Edwin Budding in 1830 in Thrupp, just outside Stroud, in Gloucestershire, England. The novice cutter machine is designed primarily for mowing lawns in vast sports and gardens, as a superior alternative to crescent, and awarded British patents on August 31, 1830.
The first machine of Budding is 19 inches (480 mm) wide with a frame made of wrought iron. The cutting machine is pushed from behind. Cast iron gears deliver power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder, allowing the rear roller to move the blades on the cutting cylinder; The ratio is 16: 1. Another roll is placed between the cutting cylinder and the main roller or the ground can be raised or lowered to change the height of the piece. The piece of grass was thrown forward into the box like a tray. However, it was soon realized that an extra grip was needed up front to help pull the engine. Overall, these machines are very similar to modern cutting machines.
The earliest two Budding machines were sold out to the Regent Park Zoological Park in London and Oxford Colleges. In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding dated May 18, 1830, Ferrabee paid the cost of enlarging a small knife, obtaining a patent letter and obtaining the right to produce, sell, and license other producers in lawnmower production. Without a patent, Budding and Ferrabee are clever enough to allow other companies to build copies of their cutting machines under license, the most successful being Ransomes of Ipswich, who started making cutting machines since 1832.
The machine is a catalyst for the preparation of modern style sports ovals, pitches, lawns, etc. This led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including for football, grass bowls, lawn tennis and others.
Further enhancement
It took another ten years and further innovation to create a machine that can be drawn by animals, and sixty years before the steam-powered mower was built. In the 1850s, Thomas Green & amp; Son of Leeds introduced a cutting machine called Silens Messor (which means a silent cutters), which uses a chain drive to transmit power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. These machines are lighter and quieter than the tooth-driven engines that precede them, although they are slightly more expensive. The rising popularity of grass sports helped encourage the spread of this discovery. Mower becomes a more efficient alternative for pigeon and pet eaters.
The lawn mower industry took off in the 1860s. In 1862, Ferrabee company made eight models in various sizes of rollers. He produced more than 5000 machines until production ceased in 1863. The first grass box was a flat tray but took their present form in the 1860s. James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam-powered mower in 1893. His engine burned gasoline and/or paraffin (kerosene) as fuel. It is a machine that takes several hours to warm up to operating pressure. After much progress, these machines are sold by Stott Fertilizer and Insecticide Company of Manchester and Sumner. The company they control is called Leyland Steam Motor Company.
Around 1900, one of the best known English engines is Ransomes' Automaton, available in chain models or gears. Many manufacturers enter the field with gasoline engine-powered cutlery after the start of the 20th century. The first was produced by Ransomes in 1902. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after World War I, produced a variety of very popular chain cutting machines. Around this time, an operator can ride behind an animal that attracts large machines. This is the first horse riding machine.
The first US patent for a reel mower was awarded to the Amariah Hills on January 12, 1868. In 1870, Elwood McGuire of Richmond, Indiana designed a human-driven, very lightweight and commercially-driven mower. John Burr patented an improved rotary-blade lawn mower in 1899, with the placement of the modified wheel for better performance. Amariah Hills went on to find Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871.
In the United States, the first gasoline-powered mower was first produced in 1914 by Ideal Power Mower Co. from Lansing, Michigan, based on a patent by Ransom E. Olds. Ideal Power Mower also introduced the world's first homemade turf tractor in 1922, known as the "Triplex". The roller-drive lawn mower has changed very little since about 1930. The lawn mower, those who have several sets of knives to cut a larger plot, was built in the United States in 1919 by the Worthington Mower Company.
Maps Lawn mower
Atco Ltd and the first lawnmower
In the 1920s one of the most successful companies that emerged during this period was Atco, at that time the brand name Charles H Pugh Ltd. The Atco mower, launched in 1921 was a direct success. Only 900 of the 22-inch machines were made in 1921, each worth Ã, Â £ 75. In five years, annual production has increased to tens of thousands. Price is reduced and various sizes are available, making Standard cutting machine really mass-produced.
Rotary cutting machine
Rotary cutting machines are not developed until the engine is small enough and powerful enough to run the blades at sufficient speed. Many people experimented with rotary knife cutting machines in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and Power Specialties Ltd. introduced a gasoline-powered lawn mower. Kut Kwick replaced the "Pulp Saw" saw blade with a double-edged knife and cutter deck, turning "Pulp Saw" into the first rotary cutting machine.
One commercial commercially cut commercial company was the Australian company Victa, beginning in 1952. The cutter machine was lighter and easier to use than a similar one had come before. The first Victa cutting machine was made in Mortlake, a suburb of Sydney, by local resident Mervyn Victor Richardson. He made his first model of the memo in his garage. The first Victa grass cutter was later produced, to be sold on September 20, 1952. The new company, Victa Mowers Pty Ltd, was founded on February 13, 1953.
This effort was so successful that in 1958 the company moved to a much bigger place on Parramatta Road, Concord, and then to Milperra, when the cutting machine incorporated a machine, designed and manufactured by Victa, designed specifically for cutting, instead of using a destination machine commonly purchased from outside suppliers. Two Victa grass cut machines, each from 1958 and 1968, were held at the Australian National Museum collection. Lawnmowers are considered as something of an Australian icon, appearing in mass, in the form of simulations, at the Sydney Olympics opening in 2000.
Type
With rotation
Cylinders or rolling mower
A cylinder cutting machine or reel cutting machine carries a fixed horizontal cutter blade at the desired cut height. More than this is a fast spinning reel from a blade that forces the grass past the cut bar. Each blade in the blade cylinder forms a helix around the reel shaft, and the rotating knife circuit represents the cylinder.
Of all the cutting machines, properly adjusted cylinder cutting machines make the cleanest grass cut, and this allows the grass to heal faster. Cutting a well-adjusted cylinder cutting machine is straight and sure, as if cut with a pair of scissors. This clean cut promotes the growth of healthier, thicker, and more resilient grasses that are more resistant to diseases, weeds and parasites. Cutting grass with a cylinder cutting machine tends not to produce a yellow, white or brown color due to leaf splinters. While the cutting action is often equated with scissors, spinning cylinder blades do not need to contact the horizontal cutting bar. If the distance between the blades is less than the thickness of the grass blade, a clean cut can still be made. However, if more, the grass will pass. Lawnmowers are also more difficult to cut out uneven terrain.
There are many variants of cylinder cutting machines. Lawn mowers do not have machines and are usually used in smaller grass areas where access is a problem, where noise pollution is undesirable and air pollution is undesirable. When the mower is pushed, the wheels push the gear that quickly rotates the reel. The typical cutting width is 10 to 16 inches (250 to 410 mm). Advances in materials and techniques have resulted in this cutting machine being very light and easy to operate and maneuvering compared to its predecessor while still providing all the advantages of cutting a large professional cylinder cutting machine. The benefits of their different environments, both in noise and air pollution, are also strong selling points, something that is not lost in many international zoos, animal shelters and exclusive hotel groups.
The basic push thrust mechanism is also used in gangs that are pulled behind the tractor. The individual lawn mowers are arranged in a "v" behind the tractor with each lawn mower slightly overlapping with the cutting machine in front of it. Lawnmowers are used in large areas of grass such as sports fields or parks.
Gasoline engines or electric motors can be added to a cylinder cutting machine to turn on a cylinder, wheel, roller, or a combination of them all. The general arrangement on electric powered engines for residential grass is for the motor to light the cylinder while the operator pushes the cutting machine together. Electrical models can be woven or wirelessly. On a gasoline engine, the engine moves the cylinder and the rear roll. Some variants only have three blades in rolls spinning at high speed, and this model is capable of mowing grass that has grown too long for a regular cutting machine. One type of lawn mower, now largely out of use, is a traditional electric wheel-mower version, used on the grass lawn housing. An internal combustion engine sits on top of the reel house and drives the wheel, usually through a belt. The wheels in turn push the reels, like on a thrustmaker.
Lawnmowers are used to cut precision green golf and have a cylinder consisting of at least eight, but usually ten, knives. The engine has a roller before and after cutting the cylinder that smooths the freshly cut grass and minimizes the wheel mark. Due to its weight, the engine also pushed the lawn mower. Much smaller and lighter roller mower variants are sometimes used for small patches of ornamental grass around the flower beds, and these have no engines.
Lawnmowers are also produced. Typically, the cutter rolls are in front of the vehicle's main wheel, so the grass can be cut before the wheels push the grass to the ground. Scrolls are often hydraulically turned on.
The main parts of the cylinder or reel cutting machine are:
- The blade/cylinder roll Ã, - consists of many (3 to 7) helical blades attached to a rotating shaft. The blades spin, creating a cutting motion like a knife in a bed knife.
- Bed knife Ã, - stationary cutting mechanism of cylinder/lawnmower. It is a fixed horizontal blade that is fitted into a lawn mower frame.
- Body frame - the main structural frame of the lawn mower that becomes another part of the mounting machine installed.
- Wheels - help push the lawn mower into action. Generally, lawn mowers have two wheels.
- Thrust handles Ã, - "resources" of manually operated rolling mower. It is a sturdy T-shaped, rectangular, or trapezoidal handle that is connected to a frame, wheel and blade.
- Motor - the power source of a gasoline or electrically driven mower.
Rotary cutting machine
The rotating cutting machine rotates around the vertical axis with a rotating blade at high speed relying on the impact to mow the lawn. This tends to produce rough and bruised pieces and grass leaves that cause discoloration on the leaf tips when the scar is off. This is especially true if the blade becomes clogged or dull. Most rotary cutting machines need to be set slightly higher than equivalent cylinders to avoid scalping and gouging slightly uneven grass, although some modern rotaries are equipped with a rear roller to provide a more formal striped strip. These machines will also tend to cut lower (13 mm) than the standard four-wheel spin.
The main parts of rotary cutting machines are:
- Cutting deck house Ã, - keeps the knife and cutting machine drive system. It was formed to effectively remove grass clippings from lawn mowers.
- Blade mounting and blade systems Ã, - rotary cutting rods are usually mounted directly to the engine's crankshaft, but may be driven by a hydraulic motor or pulley belt system.
- Mower blades Ã, - a rotating knife in a horizontal plane (around the vertical axis). Some cutting machines have many knives. This blade has a slightly curved edge upward to produce a continuous airflow as the blades rotate (as a fan), thus creating sucking and tearing action.
- Machine/motor - may be supported by gasoline or electricity.
- Wheels - generally four wheels, two front and two rear. Some cutting machines have a roller in the rear wheel spot.
With an energy source
Petrol (gasoline)
Extensive grass trimming is not common before extensive application of a single vertical axle gasoline/cylinder engine. In the United States these developments align with market penetration companies such as Briggs & amp; The Stratton Company of Wisconsin.
Most of the push lathes are driven by internal combustion engines. Such machines are usually four-stroke engines, which are used for larger torque and cleaner burns (though some older models use two-stroke engines), using gasoline (petrol) or other liquid fuels. Internal combustion engines used with lawn mowers usually have only one cylinder. Power generally ranges from four to seven horsepower. The engine usually has a carburetor and requires manual crank to start it, although electric starters are offered on some models, especially large engines and commercial cutting machines. Some cutting machines have throttle controls on the handlebar that the operator can use to adjust engine speed. The other cutting machine has a fixed engine speed, which has been predetermined. All are equipped with the governor (often centrifugal/mechanical force or air vane) to open the throttle as needed to maintain the chosen speed when the force required to mow the thicker or higher grass is encountered. Gasoline mowers have advantages over electric cutting machines with greater strength and range. They do create large amounts of pollution due to combustion in the engine, and their engines require periodic maintenance such as cleaning or replacing spark plugs and air filters, and changing engine oil.
Electricity
The electric cutting machine is subdivided into a corded and cordless electric model. Both are relatively quiet, usually yielding less than 75 decibels, while the gasoline lawn mower can be 95 decibels or more.
The tied electric cutting machine is limited in range with the power cord behind it, which can restrict its use to the grass extending outwards of more than 100-150 feet (30-45 m) from the nearest available electrical outlet. There is an additional danger with these machines inadvertently cutting the power cord, which stops the mower and can put the user at risk of receiving a dangerous electric shock. Installing a residual current (GFCI) device in an outlet can reduce the risk of shock.
Cordless power cutters are supported by a number of variables (typically 1-4) rechargeable batteries of 12 volts, 56 volts, and 80 volts. Usually, more batteries mean more time and/or power (and more weight). The battery can be on the inside of the lawn mower or outside. If outside, the discharged battery can quickly exchange with a rechargeable battery. The cordless mower has the maneuverability of a petrol-powered and eco-friendly cutting machine from an electric cable cutter, but is more expensive and comes in fewer models (especially self-propelling) than both. Final disposal of batteries is problematic (although they can be recycled), and motors in some cordless mowers tend to be less powerful than the same total weight (including battery) motor.
By hand
Though considered ancient in modern times, genuine types of powered thrusters are still available. The roll is attached to the cutting wheel by the gear, so when the cutting machine is pushed forward, the reel rotates several times faster than the wheels are plastic or rubber tired. This type of cutting machine offers the benefits of zero pollution produced. Since all the energy required comes from the user, this method of cutting is most severe and is not recommended for large grasses. Depending on the placement of the reel, these mowers often can not mow the grass very close to the grass barriers, such as trees, driveways, creeping, etc., and also require very smooth grass surfaces to operate properly without getting out from under the cutting rod.
Other well-known types
Hover mowers is a rotary push cutting machine that uses an impeller over a rotating blade to move air down, thus creating an air cushion that lifts the cutting machine above the ground. The operator can then easily move the cutting machine while floating on the grass. Hover cutting machine is always light to reach the air cushion and usually has a plastic body with an electric motor. The most significant disadvantage, however, is its practical use in rough terrain or on the edge of the grass, since the lift air cushions are smashed by a wide gap between the chassis and the ground. Hover mowers are built to operate on steep slopes, shorelines, and high grass areas, so often used by golf course guards and commercial landscapers. Grass collections are often available, but can be poor in some models. The quality of the cut can be lower if the grass is pushed away from the blade by the air cushion.
A robot cutting machine is contained by a border wire around the lawn that defines the area to be trimmed. The robot uses this cable to find the boundary of the area to be pruned and in some cases to find the charging dock. The robot cutting machine is able to retain up to 5 hectares (20,000 m 2 ) grass. Robotic lawn mowers are increasingly sophisticated, usually self-docking and contain rain sensors, virtually eliminating human interactions to mow the lawn. Some robot cutting machines can be used for cutting larger areas.
The tractor pulls the cutting machine usually in the form of an attachment to the tractor. Attachments can only work with tractor movements similar to manual thrusters, but sometimes may also have a moving blade. They are generally installed on either side or the back of the tractor.
The lawnmower (US and Canada) or on-road cutter (UK and Canada) is a popular alternative to large lawn. The operator is given a seat and controls on the mower and actually rides on the machine. Most use a horizontal spinning blade system, though usually with multiple blades. The general form of an on-off cutting machine is a grass tractor . These are typically designed to resemble small farm tractors, with a cutting deck mounted in the middle of the vessel between the front and rear axles.
Drive for this cutting machine is in several categories. The most common transmission for a tractor is a manual transmission. The second most common type of transmission is a continuously variable transmission form, called a hydrostatic transmission. This transmission takes several forms, from pumps that drive separate motors, which can incorporate gear reduction, to fully integrated units containing pumps, motors, and tooth reduction. Hydrostatic transmission is more expensive than mechanical transmission, but it is easier to use and can transmit larger torque to the wheels compared to ordinary mechanical transmission. The most common type of drive, and the most expensive, is electricity.
There have been a number of attempts to replace hydrostatic transmission with lower cost alternatives, but this effort, which includes variable belt types, for example, "Automatic Drive" MTD, and toroidal, has various performance or perceptual problems that have caused their market life to be short or penetrating their market becomes limited.
Riding a lawn mower can often mount other devices, such as rototillers/rotavators, snowplows, snow blowers, page vacuums, sometimes even front buckets or fork-ride mounts (these are more commonly known as "grass tractors" in this case, designed for a number of tasks).
Rotary cutting machine deck is usually made of steel. Lighter steels are used on cheaper models, and heavier steels on models are more expensive for durability. Other deck materials include aluminum, which is not corroded and is a staple of higher price cutting machines, and hard composite plastics, which are not rusted and lighter and cheaper than aluminum. Electric cutting machines usually have a plastic deck.
Lawnmowers usually have openings on the side or back of the housing where cut grass is removed, like most rotary lawn mowers. Some have grass-catching attachments at the opening to bag grass clippings.
Mulch mulching machine A special mulch blade is available for rotary cutting machines. The blades are designed to keep the clippings circulating under the cutting machine until the clipping is cut small. Other designs have twin blades for mulch clippings into small pieces. This function has the advantage of cutting the collection of additional work and disposing of grass cuts while reducing the grass wastes in such a way that it also creates a comfortable compost for the grass, eliminating the cost and adverse environmental effects of the fertilizer.
Manufacturers of cutting tools market their cutting machines as a 2-in-1, shed, which means bagging and sanding or mulching, and 3-in-1, which means bagging, pulsating, and side drainage. Most 2-in-1 packing and mulch machines require separate attachments to throw grass onto the lawns. Some side shift machine manufacturers also sell separate "mulch plates" that will cover the opening on the side cutting machine and, with the right blade combination, will turn the cutting machine into a mulch-cutting machine. This conversion is not practical when compared to a 2- or 3-in-1 cutter that can be converted in a field in seconds. There are two types of bag cutting machines. The rear pocket cutting machine is fitted with a hole in the back of the cutting machine that the grass passes through into the bag. The hi-vac lawn mower has a tunnel that extends from the discharge side to the bag. Hi-vac is also a kind of grass collection that is used on some lawn mowers and grass tractors and is suitable for use in dry conditions but is less suitable for wet grass that is long and wet because it is often clogged. Mulching and bagging mowers are not suitable for long grass or thick grass. On some lawn mowers, cut grass is dropped to the ground and then collected by a set of rotating hairs, allowing long wet grass to be collected.
Rotary cutting machines with internal combustion engines are present in three price ranges. Cheap cutting machines use older technology, smaller motors, and lighter steel decks. The mower is targeted at the housing market and usually the price is the most important selling point.
Professional lawn mowers (used by large companies such as universities, sports stadiums, and local authorities) are usually larger or dedicated platforms or attachments that can be mounted on or behind the standard tractor unit (a "gang-grinder"). The two types can use a cylindrical blade cut blade or a cylindrical blade, although high-quality intersecting surfaces demand the latter. Wide cutting machine (WAM) is a commercial-grade cutting machine that has decks extended to both sides, many up to 12 feet (3.7 m). This extension can be lowered to cut or cut down large areas to reduce the width of cutting machines and allow for easy transportation on city streets or trailers. Commercial grind mills have also enthusiastically adopted such types as a zero-rolling cutting machine (both in up and standing versions), allowing high speeds above the grass surface, and fast turnaround at the end of the line, as well as excellent maneuverability around obstacles.
Security issues
Rotary cutting machines can remove debris with extreme speed and energy. In addition, self-powered (gasoline or electric) thrust rotor blades may injure users who are careless or inattentive; thus, many are equipped with the switch of the dead to immediately disable the rotation of the blade when the user no longer holds the handle. In the United States, more than 12,000 people per year are hospitalized due to grass mower accidents. Most of these injuries can be prevented by wearing protective footwear when cutting. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children be at least 12 years before they are allowed to use lawnmowers that run behind and at least 16 years before using a horse riding machine. They must also show proper judgment and maturity. People using cutting machines should wear heavy footwear, eye protection, and hearing protection in the case of machine-powered engines.
Environmental impact
A 2001 study showed that multiple cutting machines produced the same amount of pollution (emissions other than carbon dioxide) in an hour as a 1992 model vehicle propulsion of 650 miles (1,050 km). Another estimate mentions the amount of pollution from lawn mowers four times that of automobiles, by the hour, although this report is no longer available. Beginning in 2011, the US Environmental Protection Agency sets standards for mine equipment emissions and expects a reduction of at least 35 percent.
Lawnmowers produce GHG emissions. The practice of management of the grass is maintained at least with re-clipping, and minimum irrigation and cutting, recommended to reduce the effects of global warming of the urban turfgrass system
Lawnmowers also create significant noise pollution, and can cause hearing loss if used without hearing protection. This can be avoided through the use of a lawn mower or by using cheap and easy-to-obtain hearing protection such as earplugs or earplugs.
See also
- Land clearing (including equipment list)
- Racing mower
- Non-path machine
- Organic grass management
- Rollover protection structure (for lawn or cutting tractors)
- Small engine
- Alvin Straight
- The victim's mower
References
Further reading
-
Halford, David G. Lawn Old Mowers - publishing Shire LTD. 1999 . Ã,
External links
- Manufacturer directory (DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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